Wróblewska Wiktoria
Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland.
Soc Sci Med. 2002 Mar;54(5):707-26. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00104-6.
Since 1989 Poland has been experiencing large-scale social and economic changes as a result of the reforms associated with the transition to a market economy. This study uses a 1996 Health Survey of over 20,000 women to examine the impact of the new socio-economic situation and of women's multiple roles on their health at the early stage of transition. We investigated the importance of selected economic, socio-demographic and cultural determinants in explaining differences in women's health status in Poland, focusing on education level, (un)employment, living conditions, marital status, smoking and life style. There are health inequalities between men and women in Poland based on life expectancy, chronic diseases and health self-assessment. Some of these, especially the large differences between life expectancy at working ages, may be attributed to the difficult socio-economic situation. The multivariate analysis of women's self-assessed health and morbidity from selected chronic diseases indicated substantial inequalities in health. Together with the behavioural and cultural risk factors recognized by medicine, such as obesity, lack of physical exercise and smoking, the paper shows the crucial role of economic factors in influencing Polish women's health. Women whose financial position is poor are more likely to assess their health as less than good, to suffer from respiratory and circulatory systems' diseases and report neurotic problems. Other factors, strongly connected with the transition process in Poland, which contribute to health problems are lack of employment and low educational level, particularly for younger women. Women's marital and parental status are also important predictors of some categories of health problems; however, their influence varies for women of different ages. Our survey also supports the thesis that loneliness in old age, defined on the basis of living in a one-person household, may be negatively correlated with health status.
自1989年以来，由于与向市场经济转型相关的改革，波兰一直在经历大规模的社会和经济变革。本研究使用了一项针对2万多名女性的1996年健康调查，以考察新的社会经济状况以及女性的多重角色在转型初期对其健康的影响。我们调查了选定的经济、社会人口和文化决定因素在解释波兰女性健康状况差异方面的重要性，重点关注教育水平、（未）就业、生活条件、婚姻状况、吸烟和生活方式。基于预期寿命、慢性病和健康自我评估，波兰男女之间存在健康不平等。其中一些不平等，尤其是工作年龄段预期寿命的巨大差异，可能归因于艰难的社会经济状况。对女性自我评估的健康状况和选定慢性病发病率的多变量分析表明，健康方面存在严重不平等。除了医学所认识到的行为和文化风险因素，如肥胖、缺乏体育锻炼和吸烟外，本文还表明经济因素在影响波兰女性健康方面起着关键作用。经济状况较差的女性更有可能将自己的健康状况评估为不佳，更容易患呼吸系统和循环系统疾病，并报告有神经问题。与波兰转型过程密切相关的其他导致健康问题的因素是缺乏就业和教育水平低，尤其是对年轻女性而言。女性的婚姻和父母身份也是某些健康问题类别的重要预测因素；然而，它们对不同年龄段女性的影响各不相同。我们的调查还支持这样一种观点，即基于独居定义的老年孤独感可能与健康状况呈负相关。
