Carruth Betty Ruth, Skinner Jean D
Nutrition Department, College of Human Ecology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1900, USA.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Apr;21(2):88-96. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719199.
To monitor infant's gross, fine and oral motor development patterns related to feeding.
An incomplete block design was used with 57 to 60 (sample = 98) mothers interviewed when their children were 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 months (within +/- 5 days of birth date). Each mother had 5 to 6 interviews.
Selected developmental feeding behaviors were monitored using in-home interviews conducted by trained interviewers (n = 2). At each interview, mothers reported the child's age when behaviors first occurred, and anthropometric measurements were performed.
Subjects were healthy white children who lived mostly in homes with educated two-parent families of upper socioeconomic status.
Mean behavioral ages were within normal ranges reported in the literature, whereas individuals exhibited a wide diversity in reported ages. Examples of gross motor skills (age in months, +/- SD) included sitting without help (5.50+/-2.08) and crawling (8.00+/-1.55). Mean ages for self-feeding fine motor skills showed children reaching for a spoon when hungry (5.47+/-1.44), using fingers to rake food toward self (8.87+/-2.58) and using fingers to self-feed soft foods (13.52+/-2.83). Oral behaviors included children opening their mouth when food approached (4.46+/-1.37), eating food with tiny lumps (8.70+/-2.03) and chewing and swallowing firmer foods without choking (12.17+/-2.28).
Mean ages for feeding behaviors occurred within expected age ranges associated with normal development. However, mothers reported that individual children exhibited a wide age range for achieving these behaviors. Our results should be considered in counseling mothers about infant feeding practices.
监测婴儿与喂养相关的粗大、精细和口腔运动发育模式。
采用不完全区组设计，对57至60名（样本量 = 98）母亲进行访谈，访谈时间为她们的孩子2、3、4、6、8、10、12、16和24个月大时（出生日期前后±5天内）。每位母亲接受5至6次访谈。
由经过培训的访谈员（共2名）进行家庭访谈，以监测选定的发育性喂养行为。每次访谈时，母亲们报告行为首次出现时孩子的年龄，并进行人体测量。
研究对象为健康的白人儿童，他们大多生活在社会经济地位较高、父母均受过教育的双亲家庭中。
行为年龄均值在文献报道的正常范围内，但个体报告的年龄差异较大。粗大运动技能的例子（月龄，±标准差）包括独立坐（5.50±2.08）和爬行（8.00±1.55）。自我喂养精细运动技能的平均年龄显示，孩子饥饿时伸手拿勺子（5.47±1.44）、用手指将食物拨向自己（8.87±2.58）以及用手指自行喂食软食（13.52±2.83）。口腔行为包括食物靠近时张嘴（4.46±1.37）、吃小块食物（8.70±2.03）以及咀嚼和吞咽较硬食物而不噎住（12.17±2.28）。
喂养行为的平均年龄出现在与正常发育相关的预期年龄范围内。然而，母亲们报告说，各个孩子在实现这些行为方面的年龄范围差异很大。在为母亲提供有关婴儿喂养方法的咨询时，应考虑我们的研究结果。
