Shinn Marybeth, Toohey Siobhan M
Psychology Department, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:427-59. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145052. Epub 2002 Jun 10.
This chapter identifies "context minimization error" as the tendency to ignore the impact of enduring neighborhood and community contexts on human behavior. The error has adverse consequences for understanding psychological processes and efforts at social change. The chapter describes a series of theoretical models of how neighborhoods and community settings are associated with various aspects of human welfare and reviews evidence of associations of contexts with health, psychological distress, risky behaviors, psychological attitudes, and child development. It suggests that many psychological processes may play out differently in different contexts and that contextual factors interact with sociocultural characteristics of individuals in predicting outcomes. People, in turn, can shape community contexts. A more sophisticated understanding of the effects of contexts depends on more sophisticated approaches to assessing them.
本章将“情境最小化误差”定义为一种倾向，即忽视持久的邻里和社区情境对人类行为的影响。这种误差对理解心理过程和社会变革努力会产生不利后果。本章描述了一系列关于邻里和社区环境如何与人类福祉的各个方面相关联的理论模型，并回顾了情境与健康、心理困扰、危险行为、心理态度及儿童发展之间关联的证据。研究表明，许多心理过程在不同情境下可能会有不同表现，并且情境因素在预测结果时会与个体的社会文化特征相互作用。反过来，人们也能够塑造社区情境。对情境影响的更深入理解依赖于更复杂的评估方法。
