Poldrack Russell A, Packard Mark G
Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, Franz Hall, University of California at Los Angeles, PO Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(3):245-51. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00157-4.
Research of the neurobiological bases of learning and memory suggest that these processes are not unitary in nature, but rather that relatively independent neural systems appear to mediate different types of memory. Neurobiological studies, for instance, have identified separable cognitive or "declarative" and stimulus-response "habit" memory systems that rely upon the medial temporal lobe (e.g. hippocampus) and basal ganglia (e.g. caudate-putamen), respectively. Evidence indicates that multiple memory systems are activated simultaneously and in parallel in various learning tasks, and recent findings suggest that these systems may interact. One form of interaction between medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia memory systems appears competitive in nature, and has been revealed in non-human animal studies in which damage to a given memory system results in enhanced learning. Recent human neuroimaging research has also provided evidence in favor of competition between memory systems. Thus, converging evidence across species supports the hypothesis of interactive multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Potential neurobiological mechanisms mediating such interactions include direct anatomical projections between the medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia, indirect neuromodulatory influences of other brain structures (e.g. basolateral amygdala) and activity of neocortical brain regions involved in top-down response selection.
对学习与记忆的神经生物学基础的研究表明，这些过程在本质上并非单一的，而是相对独立的神经系统似乎在介导不同类型的记忆。例如，神经生物学研究已经确定了可分离的认知或“陈述性”记忆系统以及刺激 - 反应“习惯”记忆系统，它们分别依赖于内侧颞叶（如海马体）和基底神经节（如尾状核 - 壳核）。有证据表明，在各种学习任务中，多个记忆系统会同时且并行地被激活，并且最近的研究结果表明这些系统可能会相互作用。内侧颞叶和基底神经节记忆系统之间的一种相互作用形式在本质上似乎具有竞争性，这在非人类动物研究中得到了揭示，即在这些研究中，对给定记忆系统的损伤会导致学习能力增强。最近的人类神经影像学研究也提供了支持记忆系统之间存在竞争的证据。因此，跨物种的越来越多的证据支持了哺乳动物大脑中交互式多记忆系统的假说。介导这种相互作用的潜在神经生物学机制包括内侧颞叶和基底神经节之间的直接解剖投射、其他脑结构（如基底外侧杏仁核）的间接神经调节影响以及参与自上而下反应选择的新皮质脑区的活动。
