Kiss Agi, Castro Gonzalo, Newcombe Kenneth
Environment, The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2002 Aug 15;360(1797):1641-52. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1024.
In line with its mission of alleviating poverty through support for environmentally and socially sustainable economic development, The World Bank (along with some other multilateral development banks) is working to help developing countries capture a share of the emerging global market in greenhouse-gas-emissions reductions ('carbon trading'). Under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Joint Implementation instrument and the Clean Development Mechanism now provide an opening for substantial international resource transfers and potential for supporting sustainable development through the transfer of cleaner technologies or sustainable forestry and agro-forestry practices. For example, carbon sequestration represents a non-extractive non-consumptive sustainable use of living natural resources that can be incorporated within a multiple-use 'integrated ecosystem management' approach. The World Bank initiated the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) in April 2000, to help spur the development of a global carbon market and to 'learn by doing' how to use carbon-purchase transactions across a range of energy-sector technologies (and some forestry applications) to achieve environmentally credible and cost-effective emissions reductions that benefit developing countries and economies in transition. Building on the success of the PCF ($145 million raised from public and private-sector investors), The World Bank expects to launch two new funds in 2002: the Biocarbon Fund and the Community Development Carbon Fund. These funds will target synergies between carbon markets and objectives such as biodiversity conservation, combating desertification and small-scale community-driven development. Experience from the PCF shows that developing countries can have a comparative advantage in supplying this global market, as emissions reductions can be achieved in developing countries in the range of $3-$5 per ton of CO(2) equivalent, compared with a marginal abatement cost of $10-$15 per ton of CO(2) equivalent in most countries within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. However, realizing this economic potential over the next decade, and targeting the market to the rural poor, will require substantial assistance with project development and government legal and institutional capacity building. Specific needs include raising awareness of the potential of carbon markets at all levels (particularly in energy and land-use sectors), clarifying property rights, particularly in the case of communally held land and resources, ensuring the existence of an attractive investment climate, eliminating policies that create perverse incentives and constraints, and mitigating logistical, political and 'reputational' risks that could deter private-sector investors. It will also be necessary to find ways to reconcile the short-term needs of the rural poor and the typically long-term revenue stream associated with carbon sequestration.
为履行通过支持环境和社会可持续经济发展来减轻贫困的使命，世界银行（以及其他一些多边开发银行）正在努力帮助发展中国家在新兴的全球温室气体减排市场（“碳交易”）中占据一席之地。根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）的《京都议定书》，联合执行机制和清洁发展机制目前为大规模国际资源转移提供了契机，并通过转让更清洁技术或可持续林业及农林业做法来支持可持续发展。例如，碳固存代表了对活的自然资源的一种非提取性、非消耗性的可持续利用，可纳入一种多用途的“综合生态系统管理”方法。世界银行于2000年4月启动了原型碳基金（PCF），以促进全球碳市场的发展，并“边做边学”如何利用一系列能源部门技术（以及一些林业应用）的碳购买交易来实现对环境可靠且具有成本效益的减排，从而使发展中国家和经济转型国家受益。基于原型碳基金（从公共和私营部门投资者筹集了1.45亿美元）的成功经验，世界银行预计在2002年推出两个新基金：生物碳基金和社区发展碳基金。这些基金将着眼于碳市场与生物多样性保护、防治荒漠化和小规模社区驱动发展等目标之间的协同增效。原型碳基金的经验表明，发展中国家在供应这一全球市场方面可能具有比较优势，因为在发展中国家实现减排的成本约为每吨二氧化碳当量3至5美元，而经济合作与发展组织内大多数国家的边际减排成本为每吨二氧化碳当量10至15美元。然而，要在未来十年实现这一经济潜力，并将市场目标对准农村贫困人口，将需要在项目开发以及政府法律和机构能力建设方面提供大量援助。具体需求包括提高各级对碳市场潜力的认识（特别是在能源和土地利用部门），明确产权，尤其是在社区拥有的土地和资源方面，确保有一个有吸引力的投资环境，消除产生不良激励和限制的政策，以及减轻可能阻碍私营部门投资者的后勤、政治和“声誉”风险。还必须找到方法来协调农村贫困人口的短期需求与碳固存通常带来的长期收入流之间的关系。
