Lee Sharon, McLaughlin Robert, Harnly Martha, Gunier Robert, Kreutzer Richard
California Department of Health Services, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Oakland 94612, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Dec;110(12):1175-84. doi: 10.1289/ehp.021101175.
We assessed inhalation risks to California communities from airborne agricultural pesticides by probability distribution analysis using ambient air data provided by the California Air Resources Board and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. The pesticides evaluated include chloropicrin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, diazinon, 1,3-dichloropropene, dichlorvos (naled breakdown product), endosulfan, eptam, methidathion, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC; metam sodium breakdown product), molinate, propargite, and simazine. Risks were estimated for the median and 75th and 95th percentiles of probability (50, 25, and 5% of the exposed populations). Exposure estimates greater than or equal to noncancer reference values occurred for 50% of the exposed populations (adults and children) for MITC subchronic and chronic exposures, methyl bromide subchronic exposures (year 2000 monitoring), and 1,3-dichloropropene subchronic exposures (1990 monitoring). Short-term chlorpyrifos exposure estimates exceeded the acute reference value for 50% of children (not adults) in the exposed population. Noncancer risks were uniformly higher for children due to a proportionately greater inhalation rate-to-body weight ratio compared to adults and other factors. Target health effects of potential concern for these exposures include neurologic effects (methyl bromide and chlorpyrifos) and respiratory effects (1,3-dichloropropene and MITC). The lowest noncancer risks occurred for simazine and chlorothalonil. Lifetime cancer risks of one-in-a-million or greater were estimated for 50% of the exposed population for 1,3-dichloropropene (1990 monitoring) and 25% of the exposed populations for methidathion and molinate. Pesticide vapor pressure was found to be a better predictor of inhalation risk compared to other methods of ranking pesticides as potential toxic air contaminants.
我们利用加利福尼亚空气资源委员会和加利福尼亚农药监管部门提供的环境空气数据，通过概率分布分析评估了加利福尼亚社区因空气中的农业杀虫剂而面临的吸入风险。评估的农药包括氯化苦、百菌清、毒死蜱、三硫磷、二嗪农、1,3 - 二氯丙烯、敌敌畏（马拉硫磷分解产物）、硫丹、扑草灭、杀扑磷、甲基溴、甲基异硫氰酸酯（MITC；威百亩分解产物）、禾草敌、克螨特和西玛津。针对概率的中位数以及第75和第95百分位数（分别对应50%、25%和5%的暴露人群）估算了风险。对于MITC的亚慢性和慢性暴露、甲基溴的亚慢性暴露（2000年监测数据）以及1,3 - 二氯丙烯的亚慢性暴露（1990年监测数据），50%的暴露人群（成人和儿童）的暴露估算值大于或等于非癌症参考值。在暴露人群中，50%的儿童（而非成人）短期毒死蜱暴露估算值超过了急性参考值。由于儿童的吸入率与体重之比相对于成人以及其他因素成比例地更高，所以儿童的非癌症风险总体上更高。这些暴露可能引发的潜在目标健康影响包括神经学影响（甲基溴和毒死蜱）以及呼吸系统影响（1,3 - 二氯丙烯和MITC）。西玛津和百菌清的非癌症风险最低。对于1,3 - 二氯丙烯（1990年监测数据），50%的暴露人群以及对于杀扑磷和禾草敌，25%的暴露人群的终生癌症风险估计为百万分之一或更高。与将农药列为潜在有毒空气污染物的其他排序方法相比，发现农药蒸气压是吸入风险的更好预测指标。
