Mattes Richard D
Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1264, USA.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Dec;21(6):570-7. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719257.
The primary aim was to determine whether ready-to-eat cereal used as a portion-controlled, meal replacement promotes weight loss. Additional aims were to determine whether weight loss differed if the cereal was provided as a single brand or variety of brands and whether this use of ready-to-eat cereal promotes continued weight loss following transition to a high-fiber, high-volume (Volumetric) diet.
Body composition was measured and diet records, appetite questionnaires and activity logs were completed during baseline and end of intervention weeks 2 and 6. Participants were assigned to one of four treatment groups. Group 1 (6 M, 22 F, mean age 43.0 +/- 1.9 years, mean initial BMI 28.9 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2)) consumed a serving of a single brand of ready-to-eat cereal with 2/3 C skim milk and a 100 Kcal portion of fruit for breakfast and as a replacement for either lunch or dinner for weeks 1 and 2. No restrictions were placed on the non-cereal meal. They then followed the Volumetric diet for weeks 3 to 6 with a target energy restriction of 500 kcal/day. Group 2 (3 M, 25 F, mean age 40.9 +/- 2.3 years, mean initial BMI 29.39 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) followed the same protocol, but was permitted to select from a variety of ready-to-eat cereals during weeks 1 and 2. Group 3 (7 M, 19 F, mean age 41.6 +/- 2.4 years, mean initial BMI 29.3 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) received no dietary instruction during the six-week study and Group 4 (9 M, 18 F, mean age 38.2 +/- 2.8 years, mean initial BMI 29.3 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) received no intervention prior to adoption of the Volumetric diet for weeks 3 to 6.
The cereal interventions resulted in 640 +/- 109 and 617 +/- 105 kcal/day reductions of energy intake in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, during the two-week cereal intervention. This led to comparable mean weight losses (1.91 +/- 0.19 kg-Group 1, 1.37 +/- 0.15 kg-Group 2) that were significantly greater than that observed in Group 3 (0.08 +/- 0.15 kg). The losses were primarily of fat mass. No significant changes of total body water were observed. Weight loss continued during the Volumetric diet in Groups 1 and 2. The changes were comparable to those observed in Group 4, and all were significantly greater than that of Group 3. Self-reported hunger was slightly, but significantly higher than baseline in Groups 1 and 2 during the cereal intervention, but similar to baseline in Groups 1, 2 and 3 during the Volumetric diet. Based on predicted weight loss, compliance with the Volumetric diet was similar and limited in all three intervention groups.
Ready-to-eat cereals may be used to promote weight loss when consumed as a portion-controlled, meal replacement. Provision of a variety of brands does not compromise efficacy. Weight losses may be maintained or increased after transition to the Volumetric diet. The later regimen effectively controls hunger and may lead to weight loss, but compliance is limited.
主要目的是确定即食谷物作为定量控制的代餐是否能促进体重减轻。其他目的包括确定如果提供单一品牌或多种品牌的谷物，体重减轻是否存在差异，以及这种即食谷物的使用在过渡到高纤维、高容量（容积法）饮食后是否能促进持续的体重减轻。
在基线以及干预第2周和第6周结束时测量身体成分，并完成饮食记录、食欲问卷和活动日志。参与者被分配到四个治疗组之一。第1组（6名男性，22名女性，平均年龄43.0±1.9岁，初始平均BMI 28.9±0.4kg/m²）在第1周和第2周早餐时食用一份单一品牌的即食谷物加2/3杯脱脂牛奶和一份100千卡的水果，并作为午餐或晚餐的替代品。非谷物餐没有限制。然后在第3至6周遵循容积法饮食，目标能量限制为每天500千卡。第2组（3名男性，25名女性，平均年龄40.9±2.3岁，初始平均BMI 29.39±0.6kg/m²）遵循相同方案，但在第1周和第2周可以从多种即食谷物中选择。第3组（7名男性，19名女性，平均年龄41.6±2.4岁，初始平均BMI 29.3±0.6kg/m²）在为期六周的研究中未接受饮食指导，第4组（9名男性，18名女性，平均年龄38.2±2.8岁，初始平均BMI 29.3±0.6kg/m²）在第3至6周采用容积法饮食之前未接受任何干预。
在为期两周的谷物干预期间，第1组和第2组的谷物干预分别使能量摄入每天减少640±109千卡和617±105千卡。这导致了相当的平均体重减轻（第1组1.91±0.19千克，第2组1.37±0.15千克），显著大于第3组观察到的体重减轻（0.08±0.15千克）。体重减轻主要是脂肪量的减少。未观察到全身水分的显著变化。第1组和第2组在容积法饮食期间体重继续减轻。这些变化与第4组观察到的变化相当，且均显著大于第3组。在谷物干预期间，第1组和第2组自我报告的饥饿感略高于基线，但在容积法饮食期间与第1、2、3组的基线相似。基于预测的体重减轻，所有三个干预组对容积法饮食的依从性相似且有限。
即食谷物作为定量控制的代餐食用时可用于促进体重减轻。提供多种品牌不会影响效果。过渡到容积法饮食后，体重减轻可能会维持或增加。后期方案可有效控制饥饿感并可能导致体重减轻，但依从性有限。
