Ferrara Michele, De Gennaro Luigi
Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
Sleep Med Rev. 2001 Apr;5(2):155-179. doi: 10.1053/smrv.2000.0138.
There is increasing concern for sleeplessness-related risks in modern society. Some recent epidemiological data seem to support the view that many segments of the adult population have chronically inadequate sleep. On the other hand, some experts have claimed that our core, basic amount of sleep is around 6 h per night, and that the rest of our sleep can be easily curtailed, being unnecessary to fulfill any sleep need. However, experimental data on the effects of both acute and cumulative partial sleep deprivation (PSD) consistently point out that sleep restriction has substantial negative effects on sleepiness, motor and cognitive performance and mood, as well as on some metabolic, hormonal and immunological variables. As chronic PSD may have serious long-term adverse health effects, it should be avoided in the general population. In the short-term, the effects of sleep curtailment seem to accumulate linearly, while the effects of long-term PSD should be further investigated, as the few available studies are flawed by methodological weaknesses. On the other hand, there is evidence that extending sleep by 2-3 h beyond the norm produces only marginal benefits for an average individual. Finally, it is underlined that, as large individual differences do exist in the need for sleep, the search for the sleep need may be vain. A somnotypology, taking into account age, gender and the position in both the sleep-alert and the morningness-eveningness continuum, should help in the search for the actual individual sleep need. 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
现代社会中，与失眠相关的风险日益受到关注。最近的一些流行病学数据似乎支持这样一种观点，即成年人群中的许多人长期睡眠不足。另一方面，一些专家声称，我们的核心基本睡眠时间约为每晚6小时，其余的睡眠可以轻易减少，因为满足任何睡眠需求并非必需。然而，关于急性和累积性部分睡眠剥夺（PSD）影响的实验数据一致指出，睡眠限制对嗜睡、运动和认知表现以及情绪，以及一些代谢、激素和免疫变量都有重大负面影响。由于慢性PSD可能会产生严重的长期不良健康影响，因此应在普通人群中避免。短期内，睡眠减少的影响似乎呈线性累积，而长期PSD的影响则需要进一步研究，因为现有的少数研究存在方法上的缺陷。另一方面，有证据表明，对于普通人来说，将睡眠时间延长2至3小时以上只会带来微不足道的益处。最后需要强调的是，由于个体对睡眠的需求确实存在很大差异，寻找睡眠需求可能是徒劳的。一种考虑年龄、性别以及在睡眠-警觉和晨型-夜型连续体中的位置的睡眠类型学，应该有助于寻找实际的个体睡眠需求。2001年哈考特出版有限公司
