Masson Michael E J
Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2002 Dec;9(4):773-9. doi: 10.3758/bf03196334.
The beneficial influence of a prior study episode on subsequent identification of a word includes a large bias component, revealed in the forced-choice variant of the masked word identification test. In that type of test, subjects show a preference for a studied probe over a nonstudied probe, regardless of which one matches the masked target word. The forced-choice test was used in the present experiments to test the possibility that this bias effect is due to conscious recollection. Results show that bias was strongly attenuated (1) by changes in modality between study and test, and (2) under certain conditions, by using a conceptually driven study task. The bias effect was found only when probes were orthographically similar to one another, as predicted by the counter model (Ratcliff & McKoon, 1997). These results provide strong evidence that the bias effect is not mediated by conscious recollection.
先前学习片段对后续单词识别的有益影响包括一个很大的偏差成分，这在掩蔽单词识别测试的强制选择变体中得以揭示。在那种测试类型中，无论哪个探测词与掩蔽目标词匹配，受试者都表现出对已学探测词而非未学探测词的偏好。在本实验中使用强制选择测试来检验这种偏差效应是否源于有意识回忆的可能性。结果表明，偏差效应在以下两种情况下会大幅减弱：一是学习和测试的模态发生变化；二是在某些条件下，采用概念驱动的学习任务。正如反模型（拉特克利夫和麦昆，1997年）所预测的，只有当探测词在正字法上彼此相似时，才会发现偏差效应。这些结果提供了有力证据，表明偏差效应并非由有意识回忆介导。
