Gehl J
Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital in University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Apr;177(4):437-47. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01093.x.
Electroporation designates the use of short high-voltage pulses to overcome the barrier of the cell membrane. By applying an external electric field, which just surpasses the capacitance of the cell membrane, transient and reversible breakdown of the membrane can be induced. This transient, permeabilized state can be used to load cells with a variety of different molecules, either through simple diffusion in the case of small molecules, or through electrophoretically driven processes allowing passage through the destabilized membrane--as is the case for DNA transfer. Initially developed for gene transfer, electroporation is now in use for delivery of a large variety of molecules: From ions to drugs, dyes, tracers, antibodies, and oligonucleotides to RNA and DNA. Electroporation has proven useful both in vitro, in vivo and in patients, where drug delivery to malignant tumours has been performed. Whereas initial electroporation procedures caused considerable cell damage, developments over the past decades have led to sophistication of equipment and optimization of protocols. The electroporation procedures used in many laboratories could be optimized with limited effort. This review (i) outlines the theory of electroporation, (ii) discusses factors of importance for optimization of electroporation protocols for mammalian cells, (iii) addresses particular concerns when using electroporation in vivo, e.g. effects on blood flow and considerations regarding choice of electrodes, (iv) describes DNA electrotransfer with emphasis on use in the in vivo setting, and (v) sums up data on safety and efficacy of electroporation used to enhance delivery of chemotherapy to tumours in cancer patients.
电穿孔是指利用短时间的高压脉冲来克服细胞膜的屏障。通过施加一个刚好超过细胞膜电容的外部电场，可以诱导细胞膜发生短暂且可逆的击穿。这种短暂的通透状态可用于将各种不同的分子载入细胞，小分子可通过简单扩散，而对于DNA转移这种情况，大分子则可通过电泳驱动过程穿过不稳定的细胞膜。电穿孔最初是为基因转移而开发的，现在可用于递送多种分子：从离子到药物、染料、示踪剂、抗体、寡核苷酸，再到RNA和DNA。电穿孔已被证明在体外、体内以及患者体内都很有用，在患者体内已进行了向恶性肿瘤的药物递送。虽然最初的电穿孔程序会造成相当大的细胞损伤，但过去几十年的发展已使设备变得精密，方案得到优化。许多实验室使用的电穿孔程序只需付出有限的努力就能得到优化。本综述：（i）概述电穿孔理论；（ii）讨论优化哺乳动物细胞电穿孔方案的重要因素；（iii）阐述体内使用电穿孔时的特殊问题，如对血流的影响以及电极选择的考量；（iv）描述DNA电转染，重点是在体内环境中的应用；（v）总结关于电穿孔用于增强癌症患者肿瘤化疗药物递送的安全性和有效性的数据。
