Conard Nicholas J, Bolus Michael
Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Universität Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
J Hum Evol. 2003 Mar;44(3):331-71. doi: 10.1016/s0047-2484(02)00202-6.
New radiocarbon dates from the sites of Bockstein-Törle, Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels, Hohlenstein-Stadel, Sirgenstein, and Vogelherd in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany indicate that the Aurignacian of the region spans the period from ca. 40-30ka BP. If the situation at Vogelherd, in which skeletal remains from modern humans underlie an entire Aurignacian sequence, is viewed as representative for the region, the dates from the Swabian Jura support the hypothesis that populations of modern humans entered the region by way of the "Danube Corridor." The lithic technology from the lower Aurignacian of Geissenklösterle III is fully developed, and classic Aurignacian forms are well represented. During the course of the Aurignacian, numerous assemblages rich in art works, jewelry, and musical instruments are documented. By no later than 29ka BP the Gravettian was well established in the region. These dates are consistent with the "Kulturpumpe" hypothesis that important cultural innovations of the Aurignacian and Gravettian in Swabia predate similar developments in other regions of Europe. The radiocarbon dates from Geissenklösterle corroborate observations from other non-archaeological data sets indicating large global fluctuations in the atmospheric concentrations of radiocarbon between 30 and 50ka calendar years ago. These fluctuations lead to complications in building reliable chronologies during this period and cause the "Middle Paleolithic Dating Anomaly" and the "Coexistence Effect," which tend to exaggerate the temporal overlap between Neanderthals and modern humans.
来自德国西南部施瓦本汝拉地区的博克施泰因 - 特尔勒、盖森克洛斯特勒、霍勒费尔斯、霍伦施泰因 - 施塔德尔、西尔根施泰因和福格尔黑德等遗址的新放射性碳测年结果表明，该地区的奥瑞纳文化跨越了约40 - 30ka BP的时间段。如果将福格尔黑德的情况视为该地区的代表，即现代人的骨骼遗骸位于整个奥瑞纳文化序列之下，那么施瓦本汝拉地区的测年结果支持了这样一种假说，即现代人类群体通过“多瑙河走廊”进入该地区。盖森克洛斯特勒三号遗址下层奥瑞纳文化的石器技术已充分发展，经典的奥瑞纳文化形式也有很好的体现。在奥瑞纳文化时期，有大量记录显示存在丰富的艺术品、珠宝和乐器组合。不迟于29ka BP，格拉维特文化在该地区已稳固确立。这些测年结果与“文化泵”假说一致，即施瓦本地区奥瑞纳文化和格拉维特文化的重要文化创新早于欧洲其他地区的类似发展。来自盖森克洛斯特勒的放射性碳测年结果证实了其他非考古数据集的观测结果，这些结果表明在距今30至50ka日历年前，大气中放射性碳的浓度存在全球性的大幅波动。这些波动导致在这一时期构建可靠年表时出现复杂情况，并引发“旧石器时代中期测年异常”和“共存效应”，这往往会夸大尼安德特人和现代人在时间上的重叠。
