Hogarth L C, Mogg K, Bradley B P, Duka T, Dickinson A
Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton.
Behav Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;14(2):153-60. doi: 10.1097/00008877-200303000-00007.
According to incentive salience theory, conditioned stimuli (CS+) associated with drug reinforcement acquire the capacity to elicit a conditioned attentional orienting response, which controls drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour. We sought evidence for this proposal by measuring visual attentional orienting towards smoking pictures presented briefly in the periphery of the visual field, versus control pictures likewise presented, in smokers versus non-smokers. In each trial, smokers and non-smokers responded manually to a dot probe stimulus that appeared in a location previously occupied by either a smoking picture or a control picture. Attentional bias scores were calculated by subtracting the median reaction time (RT) in the former condition from the median RT in the latter condition. In two experiments, light-smokers (smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes/day) produced a mean bias score that was significantly greater than that of heavy-smokers (smokers of 20 or more cigarettes/day) and non-smokers. In addition, when smokers from the two experiments were pooled, a significant quadratic relationship was found between cigarettes/day and the attentional bias for the smoking stimuli. These findings are consistent with incentive salience theories and dual-process theories of addiction.
根据动机显著性理论，与药物强化相关的条件刺激（CS+）获得了引发条件性注意力定向反应的能力，这种反应控制着觅药和用药行为。我们通过测量吸烟者和非吸烟者对短暂呈现于视野边缘的吸烟图片与同样呈现的对照图片的视觉注意力定向，来寻找这一观点的证据。在每次试验中，吸烟者和非吸烟者对出现在先前被吸烟图片或对照图片占据位置的点探测刺激进行手动反应。注意力偏差分数通过用后一种情况的中位数反应时间（RT）减去前一种情况的中位数RT来计算。在两项实验中，轻度吸烟者（每天吸烟少于20支的吸烟者）产生的平均偏差分数显著高于重度吸烟者（每天吸烟20支或更多的吸烟者）和非吸烟者。此外，当将两项实验中的吸烟者合并时，发现每天吸烟量与对吸烟刺激的注意力偏差之间存在显著的二次关系。这些发现与成瘾的动机显著性理论和双过程理论一致。
