Institute of Psychology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Apr;25(4):503-13. doi: 10.1177/0269881110379284. Epub 2010 Aug 17.
Substance use disorders are characterized by cognitive processing biases, such as automatically detecting and orienting attention towards drug-related stimuli. However, it is unclear how, when and what kind of attention (i.e. implicit, explicit) interacts with the processing of these stimuli. In addition, it is unclear whether smokers are hypersensitive to emotionally significant cues in general or to smoking-related cues in particular. The present event-related potential study aimed to enhance insight in drug-related processing biases by manipulating attention for smoking and other motivationally relevant (emotional) cues in smokers and non-smokers using a visual oddball task. Each of the stimulus categories served as a target (explicit attention; counting) or as a non-target (implicit attention; oddball) category. Compared with non-smokers, smokers' P300 (350-600 ms) was enhanced to smoking pictures under both attentional conditions. P300 amplitude did not differ between groups in response to positive, negative, and neutral cues. It can be concluded from this study that attention manipulation affects the P300 differently in smokers and non-smokers. Smokers display a specific bias to smoking-related cues, and this bias is present during both explicit and implicit attentional processing. Overall, it can be concluded that both explicit and implicit attentional processes appear to play an important role in drug-related processing bias.
物质使用障碍的特征是认知加工偏差，例如自动检测和定向注意药物相关的刺激。然而，目前尚不清楚注意力（即内隐、外显）以何种方式、何时以及何种方式与这些刺激的处理相互作用。此外，目前尚不清楚吸烟者是否对情绪显著线索特别敏感，还是对与吸烟相关的线索特别敏感。本事件相关电位研究旨在通过使用视觉Oddball 任务在吸烟者和非吸烟者中操纵对吸烟和其他与动机相关（情绪）线索的注意力，从而深入了解与药物相关的加工偏差。每个刺激类别都作为目标（外显注意力；计数）或作为非目标（内隐注意力；Oddball）类别。与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者在两种注意力条件下对吸烟图片的 P300（350-600ms）增强。在对积极、消极和中性线索的反应中，两组之间的 P300 幅度没有差异。从这项研究可以得出结论，注意力的操纵对吸烟者和非吸烟者的 P300 有不同的影响。吸烟者对与吸烟相关的线索表现出特定的偏见，这种偏见在显性和隐性注意力处理过程中都存在。总的来说，可以得出结论，外显和内隐注意过程似乎都在与药物相关的加工偏差中起着重要作用。
