Valsecchi Matteo, Codispoti Maurizio
Universitá di Bologna, Dipartimento di Psicologia.
J Eye Mov Res. 2022 Jan 21;15(1). doi: 10.16910/jemr.15.1.2. eCollection 2022.
Over the years the general awareness of the health costs associated with tobacco smoking has motivated scientists to apply the measurement of eye movements to this form of addiction. On one hand they have investigated whether smokers attend and look preferentially at smoking related scenes and objects. In parallel, on the other hand eye tracking has been used to test how smokers and nonsmokers interact with the different types of health warning that policymakers have mandated in tobacco advertisements and packages. Here we provide an overview of the main findings from the different lines of research, such as the evidence related to the attentional bias for smoking cues in smokers and the evidence that graphic warning labels and plain packages measurably increase the salience of the warning labels. We point to some open questions, such as the conditions that determine whether heavy smokers exhibit a tendency to actively avoid looking at graphic warning labels. Finally we argue that the research applied to gaze exploration of warning labels would benefit from a more widespread use of the more naturalistic testing conditions (e.g. mobile eye tracking or virtual reality) that have been introduced to study the smokers' attentional bias for tobacco-related objects when freely exploring the surrounding environment.
多年来，人们对吸烟相关健康成本的普遍认识促使科学家们将眼动测量应用于这种成瘾形式。一方面，他们研究了吸烟者是否会优先关注并看向与吸烟相关的场景和物体。与此同时，另一方面，眼动追踪已被用于测试吸烟者和非吸烟者如何与政策制定者在烟草广告和包装中强制要求的不同类型健康警告进行互动。在此，我们概述了不同研究方向的主要发现，比如与吸烟者对吸烟线索的注意偏向相关的证据，以及图形警告标签和无装饰包装能显著提高警告标签显著性的证据。我们指出了一些悬而未决的问题，比如决定重度吸烟者是否有主动避免看向图形警告标签倾向的条件。最后，我们认为，应用于警告标签注视探索的研究将受益于更广泛地使用更自然主义的测试条件（如移动眼动追踪或虚拟现实），这些条件已被引入用于研究吸烟者在自由探索周围环境时对烟草相关物体的注意偏向。
