Langholz B, Goldstein L
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street CHP-220, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9011, USA.
Biostatistics. 2001 Mar;2(1):63-84. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/2.1.63.
Methods for the analysis of unmatched case-control data based on a finite population sampling model are developed. Under this model, and the prospective logistic model for disease probabilities, a likelihood for case-control data that accommodates very general sampling of controls is derived. This likelihood has the form of a weighted conditional logistic likelihood. The flexibility of the methods is illustrated by providing a number of control sampling designs and a general scheme for their analyses. These include frequency matching, counter-matching, case-base, randomized recruitment, and quota sampling. A study of risk factors for childhood asthma illustrates an application of the counter-matching design. Some asymptotic efficiency results are presented and computational methods discussed. Further, it is shown that a 'marginal' likelihood provides a link to unconditional logistic methods. The methods are examined in a simulation study that compares frequency and counter-matching using conditional and unconditional logistic analyses and indicate that the conditional logistic likelihood has superior efficiency. Extensions that accommodate sampling of cases and multistage designs are presented. Finally, we compare the analysis methods presented here to other approaches, compare counter-matching and two-stage designs, and suggest areas for further research.To whom correspondence should be addressed.
本文提出了基于有限总体抽样模型的非匹配病例对照数据分析方法。在此模型以及疾病概率的前瞻性逻辑模型下，推导了适用于非常一般的对照抽样的病例对照数据似然函数。该似然函数具有加权条件逻辑似然的形式。通过提供多种对照抽样设计及其分析的一般方案，说明了这些方法的灵活性。这些设计包括频率匹配、反匹配、病例库抽样、随机招募和配额抽样。一项关于儿童哮喘危险因素的研究说明了反匹配设计的应用。给出了一些渐近效率结果并讨论了计算方法。此外，还表明“边际”似然函数提供了与无条件逻辑方法的联系。在一项模拟研究中对这些方法进行了检验，该研究使用条件逻辑分析和无条件逻辑分析比较了频率匹配和反匹配，并表明条件逻辑似然函数具有更高的效率。还介绍了适用于病例抽样和多阶段设计的扩展方法。最后，我们将本文提出的分析方法与其他方法进行比较，比较反匹配和两阶段设计，并提出进一步研究的领域。通信作者信息。
