Williams M H
Human Performance Laboratory, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0196.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Sep;24(9 Suppl):S344-8.
Genetic endowment and proper training are the major factors contributing to athletic success in endurance and ultraendurance events. Proper nutrition, primarily adequate carbohydrate and fluid, prior to and during the event is also critical. Endurance athletes often utilize other nutritional substances or practices, often referred to as ergogenics, in attempts to obtain a competitive edge by enhancing energy utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue. Numerous nutritional ergogenics have been used in attempts to enhance endurance performance, but with several exceptions most have been shown to be ineffective, including bee pollen, L-carnitine, CoQ10, inosine, amino acids, alkaline salts, and vitamin E at sea level. Research findings are equivocal relative to the ergogenicity of caffeine, phosphate salts, and vitamin E at altitude. Loss of excess body fat, a nutritional practice, may be an effective ergogenic. Conversely, some agents such as alcohol may impair performance, an ergolytic effect. Additional research is necessary to support the efficacy of several nutritional ergogenics to enhance prolonged endurance performance, such as caffeine, phosphates, specific amino acids, and various commercial products. Such research should involve exercise tasks comparable in intensity and duration to that experienced in the marathon and similar endurance events.
遗传天赋和适当的训练是耐力和超耐力项目取得运动成绩的主要因素。在赛事之前和期间，适当的营养，主要是充足的碳水化合物和液体，也至关重要。耐力运动员经常使用其他营养物质或方法，通常称为促力剂，试图通过提高能量利用和延缓疲劳的出现来获得竞争优势。许多营养促力剂已被用于提高耐力表现，但除了几个例外，大多数已被证明是无效的，包括在海平面条件下的蜂花粉、左旋肉碱、辅酶Q10、肌苷、氨基酸、碱性盐和维生素E。关于咖啡因、磷酸盐和维生素E在高海拔地区的促力作用，研究结果并不明确。减少多余的体脂，这是一种营养方法，可能是一种有效的促力剂。相反，一些物质如酒精可能会损害表现，即产生抗促力作用。需要更多的研究来支持几种营养促力剂提高长时间耐力表现的功效，如咖啡因、磷酸盐、特定氨基酸和各种商业产品。此类研究应涉及强度和持续时间与马拉松及类似耐力赛事相当的运动任务。
