Forensic identification of urine samples.

VNTR polymorphisms were investigated for the possible individualisation of human urine samples with reference to doping cases in sport. Investigations were carried out with the RFLP single locus system YNH24/Hinf I and the PCR-VNTR systems Apo B and COL2A1 (AMPFLPs) as well as SE 33 and TC 11 (STRs). Urine samples were tested using 3 different volumes (10 ml, 1 ml and 0.1 ml) after 2 days and 2-5 weeks storage at 4 degrees C. Positive results were obtained for STR systems in all cases and with the smallest volume of urine tested (0.1 ml). The AMPFLP systems gave positive results in 4 out of 8 (Apo B) and 5 out of 8 (COL2A1) samples and YNH24 was successful in 1 out of 3 samples. Negative results were obtained for the AMPFLP systems and YNH24 after longer storage periods whereas the STRs were positive.