Nikkonen M
Department of Nursing, University of Oulu, Finland.
J Adv Nurs. 1992 Sep;17(9):1088-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb02043.x.
Caring is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practices in nursing. It was the purpose of this ethnonursing study to describe caring in the residential training for long-term psychiatric patients in Finland in 1977-1988. Data were collected by interviewing 20 patients and 11 members of staff. On the basis of the empirical data, four stages of caring could be distinguished: formation, reformation, fragmentation and reintegration. The changes in caring occurred on the following dimensions: work for wages vs. vocation; spontaneous social interaction vs. the systematic instruction of practical skills; and collective activities vs. individual activities.
关怀是护理学知识体系和实践的核心与统一领域。本民族护理学研究旨在描述1977年至1988年芬兰长期精神病患者住院培训中的关怀情况。通过对20名患者和11名工作人员进行访谈收集数据。基于实证数据，可区分出关怀的四个阶段：形成、重塑、碎片化和重新整合。关怀的变化发生在以下几个方面：为工资工作与职业；自发的社会互动与实践技能的系统指导；集体活动与个人活动。
