Josephs R A, Markus H R, Tafarodi R W
Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin 78712.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992 Sep;63(3):391-402. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.63.3.391.
Where does self-esteem (SE) come from? Three experiments explored the idea that men's and women's SE arise, in part, from different sources. It was hypothesized that SE is related to successfully measuring up to culturally mandated, gender-appropriate norms--separation and independence for men and connection and interdependence for women. Results from Study 1 suggested that men's SE can be linked to a individuation process in which one's personal distinguishing achievements are emphasized. Results from Study 2 suggested that women's SE can be linked to a process in which connections and attachments to important others are emphasized. Study 3 demonstrated that failing to perform well on gender-appropriate tasks engendered a defensive, compensatory reaction, but only in subjects with high SE. These findings are discussed with regard to their implications for the structure and dynamics of the self.
自尊（SE）源自何处？三项实验探讨了这样一种观点，即男性和女性的自尊部分源自不同的来源。据推测，自尊与成功符合文化规定的、适合性别的规范有关——男性的规范是分离和独立，女性的规范是联系和相互依赖。研究1的结果表明，男性的自尊可能与一个强调个人独特成就的个性化过程有关。研究2的结果表明，女性的自尊可能与一个强调与重要他人的联系和依恋的过程有关。研究3表明，在适合性别的任务上表现不佳会引发一种防御性的、补偿性的反应，但这种反应只出现在高自尊的受试者身上。本文将讨论这些发现对自我结构和动态的影响。
