Jensen Leif, Slack Tim
Department of Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-5600, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 2003 Sep;32(1-2):21-31. doi: 10.1023/a:1025686621578.
An important way in which employment hardship has come to be conceptualized and measured is as underemployment. Underemployment goes beyond mere unemployment (being out of a job and looking for work), to include those who have given up looking for work, part-time workers whose employer(s) cannot give them full-time work, and the working poor. To provide needed background for the other articles in this special issue, we trace the history of the concept of underemployment, review existing empirical literature, offer a critique of the measurement of underemployment as conventionally operationalized, and provide up-to-date evidence on the trends and correlates of underemployment in the United States.
就业困难被概念化和衡量的一个重要方式是就业不足。就业不足不仅仅是指失业（没有工作且正在找工作），还包括那些已放弃找工作的人、雇主无法为其提供全职工作的兼职工人以及在职贫困人口。为了为本特刊中的其他文章提供所需的背景信息，我们追溯了就业不足概念的历史，回顾了现有的实证文献，对传统上实施的就业不足衡量方法提出了批评，并提供了关于美国就业不足趋势及相关因素的最新证据。
