New technologies for respiratory assist.

"The artificial lung especially has lingered behind progress with artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices, not because the need for lungs has not been recognized, but because we have not had a full understanding of the engineering problems and the unique material requirements until recent years." Brack Hattler, MD PhD. The development from the first clinical use of haemodialysis over five decades ago to widespread chronic treatment took more than two decades. The histories of other artificial organ technologies, such as artificial hearts, follow similar long development paths. For five decades, due to a lack of technology, artificial lungs have been limited to use with a heart-lung machine for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The advent of pumpless biocompatible artificial lungs will open new treatment options for patients with acute or chronic lung failure.