Aihara Masao, Aoyagi Kakurou, Goldberg Elkhonon, Nakazawa Shinpei
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Tamaho-cho, Nakakomagun, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
Brain Dev. 2003 Dec;25(8):555-9. doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(03)00064-0.
Two functionally and neurally distinct cognitive selection mechanisms involve the prefrontal lobes: those based on internal representations (context dependent) and those involving exploratory processing of novel situations (context independent). We used a cognitive bias task (CBT) representing contextual reasoning to correlate lateralization with age in the frontal lobes. Subjects included 37 healthy right-handed male children and adolescents (age range, 5-18 years). Controls were 19 right-handed men from 20 to 30 years old. A computer-presented version of the original card-choice task simplified, modified for children was used (modified CBT; mCBT). Simple visual stimuli differed dichotomously in shape, color, number, and shading. A target object presented alone was followed by two choices from which subjects selected according to preference. Considering all four characteristics, similarity between target and subject choice was scored for 30 trials. A high score implied a context-dependent response selection bias and a low score, a context-independent bias. Similarity increased significantly with age. The youngest children (5-7 years) scored lower than ages from 11 years to adulthood. Between 7 and 9 years, scores began to increase with age to reach an adult level by age 13-16. Young children showed context-independent responses representing right frontal lobe function, while adolescents and adults showed context-dependent responses implicating left frontal lobe function. The locus of frontal cortical control in right-handed male subjects thus shifts from right to left as cognitive contextual reasoning develops.
一种基于内部表征（依赖情境），另一种涉及对新情境的探索性处理（独立于情境）。我们使用了一个代表情境推理的认知偏差任务（CBT）来将额叶的偏侧化与年龄相关联。受试者包括37名健康的右利手男性儿童和青少年（年龄范围为5至18岁）。对照组为19名年龄在20至30岁之间的右利手男性。使用了针对儿童简化和修改后的原始卡片选择任务的计算机呈现版本（修改后的CBT；mCBT）。简单的视觉刺激在形状、颜色、数量和阴影方面具有二分差异。单独呈现一个目标物体后，有两个选择供受试者根据偏好进行选择。考虑所有四个特征，在30次试验中对目标与受试者选择之间的相似性进行评分。高分意味着依赖情境的反应选择偏差，低分意味着独立于情境的偏差。相似性随年龄显著增加。最年幼的儿童（5至7岁）得分低于11岁至成年的年龄组。在7至9岁之间，分数开始随年龄增加，到13至16岁时达到成人水平。幼儿表现出代表右额叶功能的独立于情境的反应，而青少年和成年人则表现出涉及左额叶功能的依赖情境的反应。因此随着认知情境推理的发展，右利手男性受试者额叶皮质控制的位点从右侧转移到左侧。
