Christian Kimberly M, Thompson Richard F
Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.
Learn Mem. 2003 Nov-Dec;10(6):427-55. doi: 10.1101/lm.59603.
Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex to a neutral stimulus that predicts an aversive stimulus is a basic form of associative learning. Acquisition and retention of this learned response require the cerebellum and associated sensory and motor pathways and engage several other brain regions including the hippocampus, neocortex, neostriatum, septum, and amygdala. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry form the essential neural system for delay eyeblink conditioning. Trace eyeblink conditioning, a learning paradigm in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are noncontiguous, requires both the cerebellum and the hippocampus and exhibits striking parallels to declarative memory formation in humans. Identification of the neural structures critical to the development and maintenance of the conditioned eyeblink response is an essential precursor to the investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of these associative memories. In this review, we describe the evidence used to identify the neural substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning and potential mechanisms of memory formation in critical regions of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Addressing a central goal of behavioral neuroscience, exploitation of this simple yet robust model of learning and memory has yielded one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the physical basis of a learned behavior in mammals.
眨眼反射对预测厌恶刺激的中性刺激的经典条件作用是联想学习的一种基本形式。习得和保留这种习得反应需要小脑以及相关的感觉和运动通路，并涉及其他几个脑区，包括海马体、新皮层、新纹状体、隔区和杏仁核。小脑及其相关神经回路构成延迟眨眼条件作用的基本神经系统。痕迹眨眼条件作用是一种学习范式，其中条件刺激和非条件刺激不连续，它既需要小脑也需要海马体，并且与人类陈述性记忆形成有显著的相似之处。确定对条件性眨眼反应的发展和维持至关重要的神经结构是研究负责形成这些联想记忆的机制的重要前提。在这篇综述中，我们描述了用于确定经典眨眼条件作用的神经基质以及海马体和小脑关键区域记忆形成的潜在机制的证据。为了实现行为神经科学的一个核心目标，利用这个简单而强大的学习和记忆模型已经产生了迄今为止对哺乳动物习得行为的物理基础最全面的描述之一。
