Diallo A
Animal Production Unit, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
Dev Biol (Basel). 2003;114:113-9.
Peste des Petits Ruminants is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild small ruminants. It seems to be the major constraint in the development of small ruminant production in areas where it is endemic. Included in the list A of the International Zoosanitary Code, it is also part of the FAO EMPRESS programme. Classically, it is characterised by fever, nasal and ocular discharges, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, mucosal erosive lesions and death in 40-80% of acute cases. All these clinical signs, apart from the respiratory symptoms, are very similar to those of rinderpest. The causal agents of both diseases are closely related and belong to the Morbillivirus genus. In the absence of homologous vaccine, and taking advantage of the close relationship between the two viruses, the attenuated tissue culture rinderpest vaccine has been used for a long time to protect small ruminants against PPR. At the end of 1980s, a PPRV strain was successfully attenuated by serial passages in Vero cells. Demonstrated to be very efficient in the protection of sheep and goats against a virulent challenge, this avirulent PPRV is now widely used in the control of PPR. Its thermostability has been dramatically improved by freeze drying. However, animals inoculated with this vaccine cannot be distinguished serologically from those infected with the wild type viruses. With the reverse genetics technique, it is now possible to engineer PPR marker vaccines which can allow such a differentiation. The genes of the PPRV immune protective proteins, the fusion and the haemagglutinin proteins, have been introduced into the genome of a capripox vaccine strain. The generated viruses have proved to be effective as a dual vaccine to protect against two major diseases of small ruminants: peste des petits ruminants and capripox infections.
小反刍兽疫是家养和野生小反刍动物的一种高度传染性疾病。在该病的地方流行区，它似乎是小反刍动物生产发展的主要制约因素。它被列入《国际动物卫生法典》A类清单，也是粮农组织紧急预防系统（EMPRESS）计划的一部分。传统上，其特征为发热、鼻眼分泌物、腹泻、呼吸窘迫、黏膜糜烂性病变，40%-80%的急性病例会死亡。除呼吸道症状外，所有这些临床症状都与牛瘟非常相似。这两种疾病的病原体密切相关，属于麻疹病毒属。在没有同源疫苗的情况下，利用两种病毒的密切关系，减毒组织培养牛瘟疫苗长期以来一直被用于保护小反刍动物免受小反刍兽疫侵害。20世纪80年代末，一株小反刍兽疫病毒（PPRV）毒株通过在Vero细胞中连续传代成功减毒。这种无毒力的PPRV在保护绵羊和山羊抵御强毒攻击方面表现出高效性，现在被广泛用于小反刍兽疫的防控。通过冷冻干燥，其热稳定性得到了显著提高。然而，接种这种疫苗的动物在血清学上无法与感染野生型病毒的动物区分开来。利用反向遗传学技术，现在有可能构建出能够实现这种区分的小反刍兽疫标记疫苗。小反刍兽疫病毒免疫保护蛋白、融合蛋白和血凝素蛋白的基因已被导入一种山羊痘疫苗株的基因组中。所产生的病毒已被证明作为一种双价疫苗可有效预防小反刍动物的两种主要疾病：小反刍兽疫和山羊痘感染。
