Swayne D E
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
Dev Biol (Basel). 2003;114:201-12.
Various vaccine technologies have been shown experimentally to be effective for immunization against avian influenza (AI) virus and include conventional inactivated oil-based whole AI virus, vectored virus, subunit protein and DNA vaccines. Vaccine-induced protection is based upon antibodies produced against the surface glycoproteins, principally the haemagglutinin, but also the neuraminidase. This protection is specific only for individual subtypes of haemagglutinin (H1-15) and neuraminidase (N1-9) proteins. AI vaccines protect chickens and turkeys from clinical signs and death, and reduce respiratory and intestinal replication of a challenge virus containing homologous haemagglutinin protein. Many of the vaccines are effective if given as a single injection and provide protection for greater than 20 weeks. Protection has been demonstrated against both low and high doses of challenge virus. Furthermore, subtype H5 AI vaccine has been shown to provide protection against heterologous H5 strains with 89.4% or greater haemagglutinin deduced amino acid sequence similarity and isolated over 38 years. Currently, inactivated whole AI virus vaccines and a fowl pox-vectored vaccine with AI H5 haemagglutinin gene insert are used commercially in various countries of the world. These vaccines have some disadvantages associated with the labour requirements for parenteral administration. However, an experimental recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine with an AI haemagglutinin gene insert shows some promise as a low cost, mass administered aerosol vaccine. A critical issue for the use of vaccines in the field is the need to differentiate vaccinated birds from those infected with the field virus. Differentiation is necessary for outbreak surveillance and trade. The use of AI vaccines varies with individual countries and for different AI virus subtypes.
多种疫苗技术已在实验中证明对预防禽流感（AI）病毒有效，包括传统的灭活油佐剂全AI病毒疫苗、载体病毒疫苗、亚单位蛋白疫苗和DNA疫苗。疫苗诱导的保护作用基于针对表面糖蛋白产生的抗体，主要是血凝素，但也包括神经氨酸酶。这种保护作用仅针对血凝素（H1 - 15）和神经氨酸酶（N1 - 9）蛋白的个别亚型。AI疫苗可保护鸡和火鸡免受临床症状影响和死亡，并减少含有同源血凝素蛋白的攻毒病毒在呼吸道和肠道的复制。许多疫苗单次注射即可有效，并提供超过20周的保护。已证明对低剂量和高剂量的攻毒病毒均有保护作用。此外，H5亚型AI疫苗已显示对血凝素推导氨基酸序列相似性达89.4%或更高且分离时间超过38年的异源H5毒株具有保护作用。目前，灭活全AI病毒疫苗和插入AI H5血凝素基因的禽痘载体疫苗在世界各国商业使用。这些疫苗存在一些与肠胃外给药所需劳动力相关的缺点。然而，一种插入AI血凝素基因的实验性重组新城疫病毒疫苗作为低成本、可大规模气雾给药的疫苗显示出一些前景。在实际应用中使用疫苗的一个关键问题是需要区分接种疫苗的禽类和感染野毒的禽类。区分对于疫情监测和贸易是必要的。AI疫苗的使用因国家和AI病毒亚型的不同而有所差异。
