Horneck G, Facius R, Reichert M, Rettberg P, Seboldt W, Manzey D, Comet B, Maillet A, Preiss H, Schauer L, Dussap C G, Poughon L, Belyavin A, Reitz G, Baumstark-Khan C, Gerzer R
German Aerospace Center DLR, Cologne, Germany.
Adv Space Res. 2003;31(11):2389-401. doi: 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00568-4.
The European Space Agency has recently initiated a study of the human responses, limits and needs with regard to the stress environments of interplanetary and planetary missions. Emphasis has been laid on human health and performance care as well as advanced life support developments including bioregenerative life support systems and environmental monitoring. The overall study goals were as follows: (i) to define reference scenarios for a European participation in human exploration and to estimate their influence on the life sciences and life support requirements; (ii) for selected mission scenarios, to critically assess the limiting factors for human health, wellbeing, and performance and to recommend relevant countermeasures; (iii) for selected mission scenarios, to critically assess the potential of advanced life support developments and to propose a European strategy including terrestrial applications; (iv) to critically assess the feasibility of existing facilities and technologies on ground and in space as testbeds in preparation for human exploratory missions and to develop a test plan for ground and space campaigns; (v) to develop a roadmap for a future European strategy towards human exploratory missions, including preparatory activities and terrestrial applications and benefits. This paper covers the part of the HUMEX study dealing with lunar missions. A lunar base at the south pole where long-time sunlight and potential water ice deposits could be assumed was selected as the Moon reference scenario. The impact on human health, performance and well being has been investigated from the view point of the effects of microgravity (during space travel), reduced gravity (on the Moon) and abrupt gravity changes (during launch and landing), of the effects of cosmic radiation including solar particle events, of psychological issues as well as general health care. Countermeasures as well as necessary research using ground-based test beds and/or the International Space Station have been defined. Likewise advanced life support systems with a high degree of autonomy and regenerative capacity and synergy effects were considered where bioregenerative life support systems and biodiagnostic systems become essential. Finally, a European strategy leading to a potential European participation in future human exploratory missions has been recommended.
欧洲航天局最近启动了一项关于人类在行星际和行星任务压力环境下的反应、极限和需求的研究。重点放在了人类健康与性能保障以及先进生命支持系统的发展上，包括生物再生生命支持系统和环境监测。总体研究目标如下：（i）为欧洲参与人类探索确定参考方案，并评估其对生命科学和生命支持需求的影响；（ii）针对选定的任务方案，严格评估对人类健康、福祉和性能的限制因素，并推荐相关对策；（iii）针对选定的任务方案，严格评估先进生命支持系统发展的潜力，并提出包括地面应用在内的欧洲战略；（iv）严格评估现有地面和太空设施及技术作为人类探索任务试验台的可行性，并制定地面和太空试验活动的测试计划；（v）制定未来欧洲人类探索任务战略路线图，包括筹备活动、地面应用及益处。本文涵盖了人类探索（HUMEX）研究中涉及月球任务的部分内容。选择了南极的一个月球基地作为月球参考方案，在那里可以假定有长时间的阳光照射以及可能存在水冰沉积物。从微重力（在太空旅行期间）、低重力（在月球上）和重力突变（在发射和着陆期间）的影响、包括太阳粒子事件在内的宇宙辐射的影响、心理问题以及一般医疗保健等方面，研究了对人类健康、性能和福祉的影响。已经确定了使用地面试验台和/或国际空间站的对策以及必要的研究。同样，考虑了具有高度自主性、再生能力和协同效应的先进生命支持系统，其中生物再生生命支持系统和生物诊断系统变得至关重要。最后，推荐了一项可能使欧洲参与未来人类探索任务的欧洲战略。
