Stunkard A J, Berkowitz R I, Schoeller D, Maislin G, Stallings V A
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-3309, USA.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Apr;28(4):503-13. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802517.
To ascertain the predictors of body size at 2 y of age.
: Prospective, longitudinal study of risk factors for weight gain of infants at high or low risk of obesity by virtue of their mothers' obesity or leanness.
A total of 40 infants of obese mothers and 38 infants of lean mothers, equally divided among boys and girls.
Measurement of dependent variables: weight, length and skinfold thicknesses at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months and percent body fat at 3, 12 and 24 months. Measurement of independent variables: average daily caloric consumption at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months; and, at 3 months, nutritive sucking behavior during a test meal, total energy expenditure (TEE), sleeping energy expenditure (SEE), estimation of nonsleeping energy expenditure (TEE-SEE) and socioeconomic status. Parental weights and heights were obtained by self-report at the time of recruitment. Partial correlation and mixed effects linear regression analyses were performed.
Measures of body size (weight, length, skinfold thicknesses) and percent of body fat were almost identical between high- and low-risk groups at all times. Energy intake during six occasions over the 2 y, sucking behavior, family income and TEE predicted weight gain, controlling for body length. Parental body mass index was not associated with the child's body size during the first 2 y. During the first year, there were strong lagged correlations between energy intake and body weight and smaller correlations between protein intake and body weight.
Energy intake, and not energy expenditure, was the determinant of body size in these infants at 2 y of age, as it had been at 1 y. Sucking behavior and TEE (positively) and family income (negatively) also contributed to body weight at 2 y. The novel finding of a lagged correlation between energy intake and body weight early in life suggests that energy intake is programmed for future growth and development.
确定2岁时身体大小的预测因素。
对因母亲肥胖或消瘦而处于肥胖高风险或低风险的婴儿体重增加的危险因素进行前瞻性纵向研究。
共有40名肥胖母亲的婴儿和38名消瘦母亲的婴儿，男女孩各占一半。
测量因变量：3、6、9、12、18和24个月时的体重、身长和皮褶厚度，以及3、12和24个月时的体脂百分比。测量自变量：3、6、9、12、18和24个月时的平均每日热量消耗；以及在3个月时，测试餐期间的营养性吸吮行为、总能量消耗（TEE）、睡眠能量消耗（SEE）、非睡眠能量消耗估计值（TEE-SEE）和社会经济地位。在招募时通过自我报告获取父母的体重和身高。进行偏相关和混合效应线性回归分析。
在所有时间点，高风险组和低风险组之间的身体大小指标（体重、身长、皮褶厚度）和体脂百分比几乎相同。在控制身长的情况下，2年期间6次测量的能量摄入、吸吮行为、家庭收入和TEE可预测体重增加。父母的体重指数与孩子头2年的身体大小无关。在第一年，能量摄入与体重之间存在很强的滞后相关性，而蛋白质摄入与体重之间的相关性较小。
能量摄入而非能量消耗是这些婴儿2岁时身体大小的决定因素，1岁时也是如此。吸吮行为和TEE（正向）以及家庭收入（负向）也对2岁时的体重有影响。生命早期能量摄入与体重之间存在滞后相关性这一新发现表明，能量摄入是为未来的生长发育而设定的。
