Winkler P, Trepte S
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg, Germany.
Gesundheitswesen. 2004 Feb;66 Suppl 1:S31-6. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-812764.
The following results have been obtained from long-term observations on the ozone layer and UV at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeigenberg:The seasonally varying decline of the ozone layer determines the maximum exposure to UV. Since ozone decline shows the highest rates in the spring months the UV exposure has most strongly increased in this time of the year. This is especially important because in spring the human skin is not adapted to UV exposure. Weather changes from day to day can induce rapid ozone reductions in spring about -30% which in turn is followed by an increase in UV of about 40%. Clouds, especially the transparent cirrus clouds (high clouds consisting of ice particles) have increased in frequency during spring and fall while a decrease is observed in summer. This change in cloudiness reduces the daily UV dose in spring and fall while it is enhanced in summer. With increasing height above sea level UV rises by roughly 10% per 1000 m (rule of thumb). Snow reflects the UV-radiation by up to 80% enhancing the UV-doses at relevant conditions. Strong volcano eruptions destroy ozone in the stratosphere additionally during 1-2 years after the eruption. Therafter the ozone layer recovers. In April 1993, after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), the UV burden was still 40% higher than average. Miniholes and streamers can appear unexpected on a short-time scale and cross over Central Europe within 1-2 days, thus enhancing UV irradiation. The human skin reacts to UV exposure depending on the type of skin. The campaign "Sonne(n) mit Verstand" of the Bavarian Ministries for Environment, for Health and for Education informs about the danger of UV radiation (see www.sonne-mit-ver-stand.de). The German Weather Service informs the public on present developments of the ozone layer and relevant topics byits ozone bulletin, which is also available via internet under (www.dwd.de/deFundE/Observator/MOHp/hp2/ozon/bulletin.htm).
以下是在 Hohenpeigenberg 气象观测站对臭氧层和紫外线进行长期观测所得到的结果：臭氧层随季节变化的减少决定了紫外线的最大暴露量。由于臭氧层减少在春季月份速率最高，所以一年中这个时候紫外线暴露量增加最为强烈。这一点尤为重要，因为春季人体皮肤尚未适应紫外线暴露。春季天气每日变化会导致臭氧迅速减少约 30%，进而紫外线会增加约 40%。云，特别是透明的卷云（由冰粒组成的高云）在春季和秋季出现频率增加，而夏季则减少。这种云量变化在春季和秋季会减少每日紫外线剂量，而在夏季则会增强。随着海拔高度增加，紫外线每升高 1000 米大致上升 10%（经验法则）。雪能反射高达 80%的紫外线辐射，在相关条件下会增加紫外线剂量。强烈火山喷发在喷发后 1 - 2 年内会额外破坏平流层中的臭氧。此后臭氧层会恢复。1993 年 4 月，皮纳图博火山（1991 年喷发）喷发后，紫外线负担仍比平均水平高 40%。微孔和飘带可能在短时间内意外出现，并在 1 - 2 天内横穿中欧，从而增强紫外线照射。人体皮肤对紫外线暴露的反应取决于皮肤类型。巴伐利亚州环境、健康和教育部开展的 “明智晒太阳” 活动宣传了紫外线辐射的危害（见 www.sonne - mit - ver - stand.de）。德国气象局通过其臭氧公告向公众通报臭氧层的当前发展情况及相关主题，该公告也可通过互联网在（www.dwd.de/deFundE/Observator/MOHp/hp2/ozon/bulletin.htm）获取。
