Frei T, Dummer R, Gehrig R
Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt, Zürich.
Praxis (Bern 1994). 1999 Jun 3;88(23):1023-9.
The intensity of UV-A and UV-B-radiation in Switzerland shows big differences that result from the various altitudes, the season and the time of the day. Additionally the intensity of UV-radiation is influenced by other factors like aerosols, cloudiness and ozone. In higher altitudes there is an additional enhancement by reflection of snow. The most important consequences of the UV-radiation for the population are, however, relevant in spring and summer time during the bathing season and during the late winter season for ski tourists. On a day with a clear sky in summer the UV-radiation can reach maximum values for UV-A of 45 W/m2 and for UV-B of 0.175 W/m2. The ratio of UV-A/UV-B shows an annual course with a maximum in winter of about 500 and a minimum of about 220 in summer. The possible effects on health by extensive UV-exposition are photoageing, skin cancer, inflammation processes and cataract. In Switzerland about 5000 new melanoma cases in men and about 4000 in women occur per year. In contrast to other environmental factors like pollen UV-radiation has the big advantage that the personal exposition can be controlled. Therefore, it is very essential that the general rules of a judicious behaviour such as avoiding the sun at noon, always wearing a hat, shirt and trousers as well as sunglasses with UV-filter are often reiterated.
瑞士紫外线A和紫外线B辐射的强度因海拔高度、季节和一天中的时间不同而存在很大差异。此外，紫外线辐射强度还受气溶胶、云量和臭氧等其他因素影响。在高海拔地区，雪的反射会进一步增强辐射强度。然而，紫外线辐射对人群最重要的影响发生在春夏季的游泳季节以及冬末的滑雪游客旺季。在夏季晴朗的日子里，紫外线A的辐射强度最高可达45瓦/平方米，紫外线B为0.175瓦/平方米。紫外线A与紫外线B的比例呈现出年度变化，冬季最高约为500，夏季最低约为220。过度暴露于紫外线可能对健康造成的影响包括光老化、皮肤癌、炎症反应和白内障。在瑞士，每年男性约有5000例新发黑色素瘤病例，女性约有4000例。与花粉等其他环境因素不同，紫外线辐射的一大优势在于个人暴露情况可以得到控制。因此，经常反复强调明智行为的一般规则非常重要，比如中午避免晒太阳、始终佩戴帽子、衬衫和长裤以及带有紫外线滤镜的太阳镜。
