Kiliç Emine Zinnur, Ozgüven Halise Devrimci, Sayil Iaik
Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
Fam Process. 2003 Winter;42(4):485-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00485.x.
Disasters affect families as a whole, and symptoms displayed by a family member may lead to secondary traumatizations for other members of the family, especially the children. This study examines the effects of parental psychopathology and family functioning on children's psychological problems six months after the earthquake in Bolu, Turkey. Forty-nine children aged between 7 and 14 and their parents were randomly chosen from among 800 families living in a survivor camp in Bolu. Both the children and parents were assessed by trained psychiatrists and psychologists using self-report measures for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms six months after the earthquake. Family functioning in survivor families was also assessed using the Family Assessment Device (FAD). The results showed that the severity of PTSD in children was mainly affected by the presence of PTSD and the severity of depression in the father. State and trait anxiety scores of children were related to general family functioning. The constellation of PTSD symptomatology was different in fathers than in mothers: the most common type of symptoms was "externalizing" in fathers with PTSD. This study supports the notion that the mere presence of PTSD in parents may not be enough to explain the relational process in families experiencing trauma. Our findings with earthquake survivors suggest that when fathers become more irritable and detached because of PTSD symptoms, their symptoms may affect children more significantly.
灾难会影响整个家庭，家庭成员所表现出的症状可能会导致其他家庭成员，尤其是孩子受到二次创伤。本研究考察了土耳其博卢地震六个月后，父母的精神病理学状况和家庭功能对孩子心理问题的影响。从博卢一个幸存者营地的800个家庭中随机选取了49名7至14岁的儿童及其父母。地震六个月后，由训练有素的精神科医生和心理学家使用创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、抑郁和焦虑症状的自我报告量表对儿童和父母进行评估。还使用家庭评估工具（FAD）对幸存家庭的家庭功能进行了评估。结果表明，儿童PTSD的严重程度主要受父亲PTSD的存在及抑郁严重程度的影响。儿童的状态焦虑和特质焦虑得分与家庭总体功能有关。父亲的PTSD症状群与母亲不同：患有PTSD的父亲中最常见的症状类型是“外化”。本研究支持这样一种观点，即父母中仅存在PTSD可能不足以解释经历创伤的家庭中的关系过程。我们对地震幸存者的研究结果表明，当父亲因PTSD症状变得更加易怒和冷漠时，他们的症状可能会对孩子产生更显著的影响。
