Pont Adam R, Charron Anna R, Brand Rhonda M
Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Mar 15;195(3):348-54. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.021.
Agricultural workers are encouraged to use sunscreen to decrease the risk of UV-related skin cancer. Our previous studies have shown certain commercial sunscreens to be penetration enhancers. The focus of this project is to determine whether active ingredients in sunscreen formulations (i.e., the UV absorbing components and insect repellants for the sunscreen/bug repellant combinations) also act as dermal penetration enhancers for herbicides in vitro. The total percentages of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) penetrating through hairless mouse skin in 24 h ranged from 54.9 +/- 4.7 for the no sunscreen control to 86.9 +/- 2.5 for padimate-o. Of the active ingredients tested (7.5% octyl methoxycinnamate, 7% octocrylene, 0.6% oxybenzone, 5% homosalate, 5% octyl salicylate, 8% padimate-o, 10% sulisobenzone, and 9.5% and 19% N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide [DEET]), all but octocrylene led to a significant increase in total 2,4-D penetration as compared to the control (P < 0.05), and only octocrylene and oxybenzone did not significantly decrease the corresponding lag time. Octyl salicylate (P < 0.01) and octyl methoxycinnimate (P < 0.05) significantly increased the 3H2O penetration across mouse skin, indicating physical damage to the stratum corneum. Additional studies demonstrated that the penetration enhancement seen across hairless mouse skin also occurred with human skin. Thus, the active ingredients of sunscreen formulations enhance dermal penetration of the moderately lipophilic herbicide 2,4-D.
鼓励农业工人使用防晒霜以降低与紫外线相关的皮肤癌风险。我们之前的研究表明某些商用防晒霜是渗透促进剂。本项目的重点是确定防晒配方中的活性成分（即防晒/驱虫剂组合中的紫外线吸收成分和驱虫剂）在体外是否也作为除草剂的皮肤渗透促进剂。24小时内，2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）透过无毛小鼠皮肤的总百分比范围为：无防晒霜对照组为54.9±4.7，对氨基苯甲酸辛酯组为86.9±2.5。在所测试的活性成分中（7.5%甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯、7%奥克立林、0.6%二苯甲酰甲烷、5%胡莫柳酯、5%水杨酸辛酯、8%对氨基苯甲酸辛酯、10%亚苄基樟脑磺酸和9.5%以及19%的N,N-二乙基间甲苯甲酰胺[避蚊胺]），与对照组相比，除奥克立林外，所有成分均导致2,4-D的总渗透显著增加（P<0.05），只有奥克立林和二苯甲酰甲烷没有显著缩短相应的滞后时间。水杨酸辛酯（P<0.01）和甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯（P<0.05）显著增加了3H2O透过小鼠皮肤的渗透，表明对角质层有物理损伤。进一步的研究表明，在无毛小鼠皮肤上观察到的渗透增强现象在人类皮肤上也会发生。因此，防晒配方中的活性成分可增强中度亲脂性除草剂2,4-D的皮肤渗透。
