Harman Gary E, Howell Charles R, Viterbo Ada, Chet Ilan, Lorito Matteo
Departments of Horticultural Sciences and Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Jan;2(1):43-56. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro797.
Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root ecosystems. Recent discoveries show that they are opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi. At least some strains establish robust and long-lasting colonizations of root surfaces and penetrate into the epidermis and a few cells below this level. They produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses, and this explains their lack of pathogenicity to plants. These root-microorganism associations cause substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic acquired resistance and rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of nutrients.
木霉菌是自由生活的真菌，在土壤和根系生态系统中很常见。最近的发现表明，它们是机会性、无毒的植物共生体，也是其他真菌的寄生物。至少有一些菌株能在根表面建立强大而持久的定殖，并穿透表皮及表皮以下的一些细胞。它们产生或释放多种化合物，诱导局部或系统抗性反应，这就解释了它们对植物缺乏致病性的原因。这些根与微生物的关联会导致植物蛋白质组和代谢发生重大变化。植物通过类似于系统获得性抗性和根际细菌诱导的系统抗性的反应，免受多种植物病原体的侵害。木霉菌在根际定殖还常常促进根系生长发育、提高作物产量、增强对非生物胁迫的抗性以及养分的吸收和利用。
