Salemaa Maija, Derome John, Helmisaari Heljä-Sisko, Nieminen Tiina, Vanha-Majamaa Ilkka
Vantaa Research Centre, Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland.
Sci Total Environ. 2004 May 25;324(1-3):141-60. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.025.
Macronutrient (N, P, K, Mg, S, Ca), heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb) and Al concentrations in understorey bryophytes, lichens and vascular plant species growing in Scots pine forests at four distances from the Harjavalta Cu-Ni smelter (0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km) were compared to those at two background sites in Finland. The aim was to study the relationship between element accumulation and the distribution of the species along a pollution gradient. Elevated sulfur, nitrogen and heavy metal concentrations were found in all species groups near the pollution source. Macronutrient concentrations tended to decrease in the order: vascular plants>bryophytes>lichens, when all the species groups grew on the same plot. Heavy metal concentrations (except Mn) were the highest in bryophytes, followed by lichens, and were the lowest in vascular plants. In general, vascular plants, being capable of restricting the uptake of toxic elements, grew closer to the smelter than lichens, while bryophytes began to increase in the understorey vegetation at further distances from the smelter. A pioneer moss (Pohlia nutans) was an exception, because it accumulated considerably higher amounts of Cu and Ni than the other species and still survived close to the smelter. The abundance of most of the species decreased with increasing Cu and Ni concentrations in their tissues. Cetraria islandica, instead, showed a positive relationship between the abundance and Cu, Ni and S concentrations of the thallus. It is probable that, in addition to heavy metals, sporadically high SO(2) emissions have also affected the distribution of the plant species.
比较了在距哈尔亚瓦尔塔铜镍冶炼厂四个距离（0.5、2、4和8公里）处的苏格兰松树林中生长的林下苔藓植物、地衣和维管植物物种中的常量营养素（氮、磷、钾、镁、硫、钙）、重金属（铁、锌、锰、铜、镍、镉、铅）和铝的浓度与芬兰两个背景地点的相应浓度。目的是研究元素积累与物种沿污染梯度分布之间的关系。在污染源附近的所有物种组中都发现了硫、氮和重金属浓度升高的情况。当所有物种组生长在同一块土地上时，常量营养素浓度往往按维管植物>苔藓植物>地衣的顺序降低。重金属浓度（除锰外）在苔藓植物中最高，其次是地衣，在维管植物中最低。一般来说，能够限制有毒元素吸收的维管植物比地衣生长得更靠近冶炼厂，而苔藓植物在离冶炼厂更远的林下植被中开始增加。一种先锋苔藓（高山真藓）是个例外，因为它积累的铜和镍比其他物种多得多，并且仍然在冶炼厂附近存活。大多数物种的丰度随着其组织中铜和镍浓度的增加而降低。相反，冰岛石蕊的丰度与叶状体中的铜、镍和硫浓度呈正相关。除重金属外，偶尔的高二氧化硫排放也可能影响了植物物种的分布。
