Squire Larry R
Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004 Nov;82(3):171-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2004.06.005.
The idea that memory is composed of distinct systems has a long history but became a topic of experimental inquiry only after the middle of the 20th century. Beginning about 1980, evidence from normal subjects, amnesic patients, and experimental animals converged on the view that a fundamental distinction could be drawn between a kind of memory that is accessible to conscious recollection and another kind that is not. Subsequent work shifted thinking beyond dichotomies to a view, grounded in biology, that memory is composed of multiple separate systems supported, for example, by the hippocampus and related structures, the amygdala, the neostriatum, and the cerebellum. This article traces the development of these ideas and provides a current perspective on how these brain systems operate to support behavior.
记忆由不同系统组成这一观点由来已久，但直到20世纪中叶之后才成为实验研究的主题。大约从1980年开始，来自正常受试者、失忆症患者和实验动物的证据都指向这样一种观点，即可以在一种可通过有意识回忆获取的记忆和另一种无法通过有意识回忆获取的记忆之间做出基本区分。随后的研究工作将思维从二分法转向了一种基于生物学的观点，即记忆由多个独立系统组成，例如由海马体及相关结构、杏仁核、新纹状体和小脑所支持。本文追溯了这些观点的发展，并就这些脑系统如何运作以支持行为提供了当前的观点。
