Heidrich Susanne, Schirmer Mario, Weiss Holger, Wycisk Peter, Grossmann Jochen, Kaschl Arno
Department of Groundwater Remediation, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Toxicology. 2004 Dec 15;205(3):143-55. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.055.
Large-scale contaminated megasites like Bitterfeld in eastern Germany are characterized by a regional contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater as a result of a long and varied history of chemical production. While the contaminants in soils and sediments mostly represent a localized problem, pollutants in groundwater may spread to uncontaminated areas and endanger receptors like surface water and drinking water wells according to the site-specific hydrologic regime. From the toxicological point of view, the contaminants at the Bitterfeld megasite represent a dangerous cocktail of various harmful substances coming from a multitude of sources. Appropriate remediation techniques must be able to remedy the specific problems arising from hot spot areas within the megasite in addition to preventing a further extension of the contaminated zone towards uncontaminated compartments. Therefore, a combination of specifically designed remediation technologies based on the pump and treat-principle with in situ technologies, such as reactive walls and monitored/enhanced natural attenuation, is necessary to efficiently address the miscellaneous challenges at this megasite. In this paper, the currently known contaminant distribution, the associated problems for human health and the environment and possible remediation strategies are presented for the Bitterfeld megasite.
像德国东部的比特费尔德这样的大规模污染超大型场地，其特点是由于长期多样的化学生产历史，土壤、地表水和地下水受到区域污染。虽然土壤和沉积物中的污染物大多是局部问题，但根据场地特定的水文状况，地下水中的污染物可能会扩散到未受污染地区，危及地表水和饮用水井等受体。从毒理学角度来看，比特费尔德超大型场地的污染物是来自多种来源的各种有害物质的危险混合物。除了防止污染区域进一步向未受污染区域扩展外，适当的修复技术还必须能够解决超大型场地内热点区域出现的具体问题。因此，有必要将基于抽提处理原理的专门设计的修复技术与原位技术（如反应墙和监测/强化自然衰减）相结合，以有效应对该超大型场地的各种挑战。本文介绍了比特费尔德超大型场地目前已知的污染物分布、对人类健康和环境的相关问题以及可能的修复策略。
