van't Hoff William G
NephroUrology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
Nephron Clin Pract. 2004;98(2):c45-8. doi: 10.1159/000080251.
The aetiology of stones in children differs from that in adults. Young children, especially boys, are prone to infective stones, although this type of calculi is decreasing in frequency over time in prosperous countries. Two monogenic causes, cystinuria and hyperoxaluria, each account for 5-15% of paediatric stones. Increased factors for stone formation in children include prematurity, neurological problems, ketogenic diet and reconstructed or augmented bladders. Hypercalciuria is commonly found in paediatric stone formers, is usually idiopathic and is only rarely associated with hypercalcaemia. All children with stones should undergo a metabolic evaluation.
儿童结石的病因与成人不同。幼儿，尤其是男孩，易患感染性结石，不过在发达国家，这类结石的发病率正随着时间的推移而下降。两种单基因病因，即胱氨酸尿症和高草酸尿症，各占儿童结石的5%-15%。儿童结石形成的增加因素包括早产、神经问题、生酮饮食以及膀胱重建或扩大。高钙尿症在儿童结石患者中很常见，通常为特发性，很少与高钙血症相关。所有结石患儿都应接受代谢评估。
