Welles Wanda Lizak, Wilburn Rebecca E, Ehrlich Jenny K, Floridia Christina M
Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, 547 River Street, Troy, NY 12180-2216, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2004 Nov 11;115(1-3):39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.05.009.
Since 1993, the New York State Department of Health, funded by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, has collected data about non-petroleum hazardous substances releases through the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (NYHSEES) project. This study investigates risk factors for hazardous substances releases that may result in public health consequences such as injury or reported health effects. The 6428 qualifying events that occurred during the 10-year-period of 1993-2002 involved 8838 hazardous substances, 842 evacuations, more than 75,419 people evacuated, and more than 3120 people decontaminated. These events occurred both at fixed facilities (79%) and during transport (21%). The causative factors most frequently contributing to reported events were equipment failure (39%) and human error (33%). Five of the 10 chemicals most frequently associated with injuries were also among the 10 chemicals most frequently involved in reported events: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, sodium hypochlorite, and carbon monoxide. The chemical categories most frequently associated with events, and with events with adverse health effects were volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and solvents, and acids. Events with releases of hazardous substances were associated with injuries to 3089 people including employees (37%), responders (12%), the general public (29%) and students (22%). The most frequently reported adverse health effects were respiratory irritation, headache, and nausea or vomiting. Most of the injured were transported to the hospital, treated, and released (55%) or treated at the scene (29%). These data have been used for emergency response training, planning, and prevention activities to reduce morbidity and mortality from future events.
自1993年以来，纽约州卫生部在有毒物质和疾病登记署的资助下，通过有害物质紧急事件监测（NYHSEES）项目收集了非石油有害物质排放的数据。本研究调查了可能导致公共卫生后果（如受伤或报告的健康影响）的有害物质排放的风险因素。1993年至2002年这10年间发生的6428起符合条件的事件涉及8838种有害物质、842次疏散、75419多人撤离以及3120多人接受去污处理。这些事件既发生在固定设施（79%），也发生在运输过程中（21%）。导致报告事件的最常见致病因素是设备故障（39%）和人为错误（33%）。与受伤最常相关的10种化学物质中有5种也在报告事件中最常涉及的10种化学物质之列：硫酸、盐酸、氨、次氯酸钠和一氧化碳。与事件以及与有不良健康影响的事件最常相关的化学类别是挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）和溶剂以及酸。有害物质释放事件导致3089人受伤，其中包括员工（37%）、应急人员（12%）、公众（29%）和学生（22%）。最常报告的不良健康影响是呼吸道刺激、头痛以及恶心或呕吐。大多数伤者被送往医院治疗后出院（55%）或在现场接受治疗（29%）。这些数据已用于应急响应培训、规划和预防活动，以降低未来事件造成的发病率和死亡率。
