Dijksterhuis Ap
Social Psychology Program, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Nov;87(5):586-98. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.586.
The role of unconscious and conscious thought in decision making was investigated in 5 experiments. Because of the low processing capacity of consciousness, conscious thought was hypothesized to be maladaptive when making complex decisions. Conversely, unconscious thought was expected to be highly effective. In Experiments 1-3, participants were presented with a complex decision problem in which they had to choose between various alternatives, each with multiple attributes. Some participants had to make a decision immediately after being presented with the options. In the conscious thought condition, participants could think about the decision for a few minutes. In the unconscious thought condition, participants were distracted for a few minutes and then indicated their decision. Throughout the experiments, unconscious thinkers made the best decisions. Additional evidence obtained in Experiments 4 and 5 suggests that unconscious thought leads to clearer, more polarized, and more integrated representations in memory.
通过5个实验对无意识思维和有意识思维在决策中的作用进行了研究。由于意识的处理能力较低，因此假设在做出复杂决策时，有意识思维具有不适应性。相反，无意识思维预计会非常有效。在实验1至3中，向参与者呈现了一个复杂的决策问题，他们必须在各种备选方案中进行选择，每个备选方案都有多个属性。一些参与者在看到选项后必须立即做出决定。在有意识思维条件下，参与者可以对决策思考几分钟。在无意识思维条件下，参与者被分散注意力几分钟，然后表明他们的决定。在整个实验过程中，采用无意识思维的参与者做出了最佳决策。实验4和5中获得的其他证据表明，无意识思维会在记忆中产生更清晰、更两极分化和更整合的表征。
