Feldmann H
Univ.-HNO-Klinik Münster, Germany.
Laryngorhinootologie. 2004 Nov;83(11):735-42. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-825717.
FROM THE BEGINNIGS TO CLASSICAL SPEECH TESTS: The need for classification of different degrees of hearing disorders first arose when it seemed possible to treat deafness. Grapengiesser in Berlin 1801 had applied galvanic current to the ears of deaf children and reported some success. Pfingsten in Kiel in 1804 using this method was the first to use speech in diagnosing different degrees of deafness. He divided speech sounds into three classes: vowels, voiced consonants and voiceless consonants. Itard in Paris in 1821 gave a classification of five classes according to which sounds could be perceived, starting from normal speech to thunder and the bang of a gun. Schmalz in Dresden 1846 noted the range within which speech was understood thus introducing the concept of hearing distance. Helmholtz in 1863 had demonstrated that vowels are composed of pure tones. Wolf in Frankfurt 1871 tried to align all speech sounds from the lowest frequency (tongue-R = 16 Hz) to the highest (sh = 4096 Hz) and measured the hearing distance for each sound. Following these suggestions word lists based on the predominant frequencies were compiled in a number of languages including Japanese.
This chapter is devoted to Karl Heinz HahIbrock, Freiburg, who was the founder of the German speech audiometry. Hahlbrock followed the American authors of the Psycho-acoustic Laboratory at Harvard, in particular J. P. Egan (1948), using statistical methods for composing lists of words based on the relative frequency of speech sounds and phonetically balanced between the different groups. He finally presented a test comprising groups of two-digit numbers and monosyllabic words. Hahlbrock died in 2003 exactly fifty years after the presentation of his test. A short account of his life is given.
In the following years various other types of speech tests were elaborated using sentences, distorted speech, diotic and dichotic presentation partly aimed at fitting hearing aids, partly with the aim to diagnose central hearing disorders. Hahlbrock's test, however, remained the standard for evaluating speech reception and discrimination.
One of the fundamental problems in testing speech discrimination is that there is no catalogue of phonemes common to all languages or regional accents. Untrained not native speakers often do no perceive certain sounds having a partial auditory agnosia. They cannot distinguish between e. g. 'hand' and 'and' or 'end' and 'ant', but the examiner must decide if the word presented was repeated correctly or not.
从起源到经典言语测试：当似乎有可能治疗耳聋时，首次出现了对不同程度听力障碍进行分类的需求。1801年柏林的格拉彭吉泽尔将电流应用于聋儿的耳朵，并报告了一些成功案例。1804年基尔的普芬斯滕使用这种方法，是第一个在诊断不同程度耳聋时使用言语的人。他将语音分为三类：元音、浊辅音和清辅音。1821年巴黎的伊塔尔给出了一个五类分类法，根据该分类法，从正常语音到雷声和枪声，声音可以被感知。1846年德累斯顿的施马尔茨指出了理解言语的范围，从而引入了听力距离的概念。1863年亥姆霍兹证明元音由纯音组成。1871年法兰克福的沃尔夫试图将所有语音从最低频率（舌 - R = 16赫兹）排列到最高频率（sh = 4096赫兹），并测量每个声音的听力距离。根据这些建议，包括日语在内的多种语言编制了基于主要频率的单词列表。
本章献给德国言语测听法的创始人、弗莱堡的卡尔·海因茨·哈尔布罗克。哈尔布罗克效仿了哈佛心理声学实验室的美国作者，特别是J.P.伊根（1948年），使用统计方法根据语音的相对频率编制单词列表，并在不同组之间实现语音平衡。他最终提出了一个由两位数组和单音节词组成的测试。哈尔布罗克在他的测试提出整整五十年后的2003年去世。这里简要介绍了他的生平。
在接下来的几年里，人们精心设计了各种其他类型的言语测试，使用句子、失真言语、双耳和双声道呈现，部分目的是适配助听器，部分目的是诊断中枢性听力障碍。然而，哈尔布罗克的测试仍然是评估言语接受和辨别能力的标准。
测试言语辨别能力的一个基本问题是，没有适用于所有语言或地区口音的音素目录。未经训练的非母语者往往存在部分听觉失认症，无法感知某些声音。他们无法区分例如“hand”和“and”或“end”和“ant”，但考官必须判断所呈现的单词是否被正确重复。
