Chung K T, Stevens S E, Cerniglia C E
Department of Biology, Memphis State University, TN 38152.
Crit Rev Microbiol. 1992;18(3):175-90. doi: 10.3109/10408419209114557.
Azo dyes are widely used in the textile, printing, paper manufacturing, pharmaceutical, and food industries and also in research laboratories. When these compounds either inadvertently or by design enter the body through ingestion, they are metabolized to aromatic amines by intestinal microorganisms. Reductive enzymes in the liver can also catalyze the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines. However, evidence indicates that the intestinal microbial azoreductase may be more important than the liver enzymes in azo reduction. In this article, we examine the significance of the capacity of intestinal bacteria to reduce azo dyes and the conditions of azo reduction. Many azo dyes, such as Acid Yellow, Amaranth, Azodisalicylate, Chicago Sky Blue, Congo Red, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, Direct Blue 15, Direct Brown 95, Fast Yellow, Lithol Red, Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, Methyl Yellow, Naphthalene Fast Orange 2G, Neoprontosil, New Coccine, Orange II, Phenylazo-2-naphthol, Ponceau 3R, Ponceau SX, Red 2G, Red 10B, Salicylazosulphapyridine, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, and Trypan Blue, are included in this article. A wide variety of anaerobic bacteria isolated from caecal or fecal contents from experimental animals and humans have the ability to cleave the azo linkage(s) to produce aromatic amines. Azoreductase(s) catalyze these reactions and have been found to be oxygen sensitive and to require flavins for optimal activity. The azoreductase activity in a variety of intestinal preparations was affected by various dietary factors such as cellulose, proteins, fibers, antibiotics, or supplementation with live cultures of lactobacilli.
偶氮染料广泛应用于纺织、印染、造纸、制药和食品工业以及研究实验室。当这些化合物通过摄入意外或有意进入人体后，它们会被肠道微生物代谢为芳香胺。肝脏中的还原酶也可以催化偶氮键的还原裂解以产生芳香胺。然而，有证据表明，在偶氮还原过程中，肠道微生物偶氮还原酶可能比肝脏酶更重要。在本文中，我们研究了肠道细菌还原偶氮染料的能力的重要性以及偶氮还原的条件。本文涵盖了许多偶氮染料，如酸性黄、苋菜红、偶氮双水杨酸、芝加哥天蓝、刚果红、直接黑38、直接蓝6、直接蓝15、直接棕95、坚牢黄、立索尔红、甲基橙、甲基红、甲基黄、萘酚快橙2G、百浪多息、新胭脂红、橙黄II、苯基偶氮-2-萘酚、丽春红3R、丽春红SX、红2G、红10B、水杨偶氮磺胺吡啶、日落黄、柠檬黄和锥虫蓝。从实验动物和人类的盲肠或粪便中分离出的多种厌氧菌具有裂解偶氮键以产生芳香胺的能力。偶氮还原酶催化这些反应，并且已发现其对氧气敏感，并且需要黄素才能达到最佳活性。各种肠道制剂中的偶氮还原酶活性受到各种饮食因素的影响，如纤维素、蛋白质、纤维、抗生素或补充乳酸菌活培养物。
