Braithwaite R A, McEvoy L A
School of Ocean Sciences, University of North Wales Bangor, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd, LL59 5AB, UK.
Adv Mar Biol. 2005;47:215-52. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2881(04)47003-5.
The fish farming industry suffers significantly from the effects of biofouling. The fouling of cages and netting, which is costly to remove, is detrimental to fish health and yield and can cause equipment failure. With rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry, coupled with the tightening of legislation on the use of antifouling biocides, the problems of fish farm biofouling are increasing. The nature of the biological communities that develop on fish farm equipment and the antifouling practices that can be employed to reduce it are described here. Particular emphasis is placed on antifouling legislature and the future needs of the industry. The biological communities that develop on fish cages and netting are distinctive, in comparison to those that foul ships. Temperate species of particular importance, because of their cosmopolitan distribution and opportunistic nature, include the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Antifouling practices include predominantly the use of copper-based antifoulant coatings, in combination with practical fish husbandry and site management practices. The antifouling solutions presently available are not ideal, and it is widely accepted that there is an urgent need for research into combatant technologies. Such alternatives include the adoption of "foul-release" technologies and "biological control" through the use of polyculture systems. However, none of these have, as yet, been proven satisfactory. In view of current legislative trends and the possible future "phasing out" of available antifouling materials, there is a need to find alternative strategies.
养鱼业深受生物污损之害。网箱和网具的污损清除成本高昂，对鱼类健康和产量有害，还可能导致设备故障。随着水产养殖业的迅速扩张，再加上有关防污生物杀灭剂使用的立法日益严格，养鱼场生物污损问题日益增多。本文描述了在养鱼场设备上形成的生物群落的性质以及可用于减少污损的防污措施。特别强调了防污立法和该行业未来的需求。与附着在船舶上的生物群落相比，在网箱和网具上形成的生物群落具有独特性。由于其广泛分布和机会主义性质而尤为重要的温带物种包括蓝贻贝（紫贻贝）和海鞘（玻璃海鞘）。防污措施主要包括使用铜基防污涂料，以及结合实际的养鱼操作和场地管理措施。目前可用的防污解决方案并不理想，人们普遍认为迫切需要研究对抗技术。此类替代方案包括采用“低附着”技术和通过使用混养系统进行“生物控制”。然而，这些方案目前均未被证明令人满意。鉴于当前的立法趋势以及现有防污材料未来可能“逐步淘汰”，有必要寻找替代策略。
