Wack Andreas, Rappuoli Rino
Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Curr Opin Immunol. 2005 Aug;17(4):411-8. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.005.
Today, the main challenges for vaccinologists include improving vaccines against as yet undefeated pathogens, rapid identification and response to emerging diseases and successful intervention in chronic diseases in which ongoing immune responses are insufficient. Reverse genetics and reverse vaccinology are now used to generate rapidly new vaccine strains and to mine whole genomes in the search for promising antigens. The rational design of adjuvants has become possible as a result of the discovery of the receptors that recognize microbial patterns and lead to dendritic cell activation. Antigen-loaded dendritic cells, DNA in naked, formulated or viral form, and other delivery systems are used to maximize immune responses. Although work on the 'easy' vaccines has already been completed, it is hoped that a combination of conceptual and technical innovation will enable the development of more complex and sophisticated vaccines in the future.
如今，疫苗学家面临的主要挑战包括改进针对尚未被攻克病原体的疫苗、快速识别并应对新出现的疾病，以及成功干预慢性疾病（此类疾病中持续的免疫反应并不充分）。反向遗传学和反向疫苗学如今被用于快速生成新的疫苗毒株，并在全基因组中挖掘有前景的抗原。由于发现了识别微生物模式并导致树突状细胞激活的受体，佐剂的合理设计已成为可能。负载抗原的树突状细胞、裸DNA、配方DNA或病毒形式的DNA以及其他递送系统被用于最大化免疫反应。尽管针对“简单”疫苗的工作已经完成，但人们希望概念和技术创新的结合能够在未来推动更复杂、更精密的疫苗的研发。
