Harré Niki, Foster Susan, O'neill Maree
Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Br J Psychol. 2005 May;96(Pt 2):215-30. doi: 10.1348/000712605X36019.
In Study 1, young drivers (aged between 16 and 29 years, N = 314) rated their driving attributes relative to their peers. They also rated their likelihood of being involved in a crash relative to their peers (crash-risk optimism), their crash history, stereotype of the young driver, and concern over another health issue. A self-enhancement bias was found for all items in which self/other comparisons were made. These items formed two major factors, perceived relative driving ability and perceived relative driving caution. These factors and perceived luck relative to peers in avoiding crashes significantly predicted crash-risk optimism. In Study 2, an experimental group of young drivers (N = 173) watched safety advertisements that showed drinking and dangerous driving resulting in a crash, and a control group (N = 193) watched advertisements showing people choosing not to drive after drinking. Each group then completed the self/other comparisons used in Study 1. The same factors were found, but only driving caution significantly predicted crash-risk optimism. The experimental group showed more self-enhancement on driving ability than the control group. In both studies, men showed substantially more self-enhancement than women about their driving ability. Implications for safety interventions are discussed.
在研究1中，年轻驾驶员（年龄在16至29岁之间，N = 314）对自己相对于同龄人在驾驶方面的特质进行了评分。他们还对自己相对于同龄人发生撞车事故的可能性（撞车风险乐观度）、撞车历史、年轻驾驶员的刻板印象以及对另一个健康问题的担忧进行了评分。在所有进行了自我/他人比较的项目中都发现了自我提升偏差。这些项目形成了两个主要因素，即感知到的相对驾驶能力和感知到的相对驾驶谨慎程度。这些因素以及相对于同龄人在避免撞车方面感知到的运气显著预测了撞车风险乐观度。在研究2中，一组年轻驾驶员实验组（N = 173）观看了展示饮酒和危险驾驶导致撞车事故的安全广告，而对照组（N = 193）观看了展示人们饮酒后选择不开车的广告。然后每组都完成了研究1中使用的自我/他人比较。发现了相同的因素，但只有驾驶谨慎程度显著预测了撞车风险乐观度。实验组在驾驶能力方面比对照组表现出更多的自我提升。在两项研究中，男性在驾驶能力方面比女性表现出更多的自我提升。文中讨论了对安全干预措施的启示。
