Acevedo-Garcia Dolores, Pan Jocelyn, Jun Hee-Jin, Osypuk Theresa L, Emmons Karen M
Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2005 Sep;61(6):1223-42. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.027. Epub 2005 Apr 18.
Immigrants to the US are not only an increasingly significant demographic group but overall they also have lower socioeconomic status (SES) than the native-born. It is known that tobacco use is a major health risk for groups that have low SES. However, there is some evidence that tobacco use among certain immigrant groups is lower than among the respective native-born ethnic group, and that immigrant assimilation is positively related to tobacco use. We investigated the relationship between immigrant generation and daily smoking, using the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS), 1995-96, a national data set representative of the US general and immigrant populations. Our multivariate logistic regression analysis of the relationship between immigrant generation and daily smoker status (n = 221,798) showed that after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, SES variables (i.e. equivalized household income, education, occupation), and central-city residence, the odds of being a daily smoker were highest among US-born individuals of US-born parents (reference group) and lowest among foreign-born individuals (95% CI: 0.54-0.62). Being a second-generation immigrant (i.e. US born) with two immigrant parents also conferred a protective effective from smoking (95% CI: 0.64-0.77). However, having only one foreign-born parent was not protective against smoking. Testing for interaction effects, we also found that being foreign born and being second generation with two immigrant parents were especially protective against smoking among females (vis-à-vis males); racial/ethnic minorities (vis-à-vis whites); and low-income individuals (vis-à-vis high-income individuals). We discuss possible mechanisms that may explain the protective effect against smoking of being foreign born and being second generation with two immigrant parents, including differences in the stage of the tobacco epidemic between immigrants' countries of origin and the US, the "healthy immigrant effect", and anti-smoking socialization in immigrant families.
美国的移民不仅是一个日益重要的人口群体，而且总体而言，他们的社会经济地位（SES）低于本土出生的人。众所周知，吸烟是社会经济地位较低群体面临的主要健康风险。然而，有证据表明，某些移民群体的吸烟率低于相应的本土出生族群，而且移民同化与吸烟呈正相关。我们利用1995 - 1996年当前人口调查的烟草使用补充调查（TUS - CPS）这一代表美国普通和移民人口的全国性数据集，研究了移民代际与每日吸烟之间的关系。我们对移民代际与每日吸烟者状态之间的关系进行多变量逻辑回归分析（n = 221,798），结果显示，在控制了年龄、性别、种族/族裔、社会经济地位变量（即等价家庭收入、教育程度、职业）和市中心居住情况后，父母均为美国出生的美国本土出生个体成为每日吸烟者的几率最高（参照组），而外国出生个体的几率最低（95%置信区间：0.54 - 0.62）。父母均为移民的第二代移民（即在美国出生）也具有预防吸烟的效果（95%置信区间：0.64 - 0.77）。然而，只有一位外国出生的父母并不能预防吸烟。在检验交互作用时，我们还发现，外国出生以及父母均为移民的第二代在女性（相对于男性）、少数族裔（相对于白人）和低收入个体（相对于高收入个体）中对吸烟具有特别的预防作用。我们讨论了可能解释外国出生以及父母均为移民的第二代对吸烟具有预防作用的机制，包括移民原籍国和美国烟草流行阶段的差异、“健康移民效应”以及移民家庭中的反吸烟社会化。
