Spitzer Denise L
Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta.
Can J Public Health. 2005 Mar-Apr;96 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S78-96. doi: 10.1007/BF03403704.
How is gender implicated in our exploration of health disparities in Canada? Set against the backdrop of federal government policy, this review paper examines the ways in which gender intersects with other health determinants to produce disparate health outcomes. An overview of salient issues including the impact of gender roles, environmental exposures, gender violence, workplace hazards, economic disparities, the costs of poverty, social marginalization and racism, aging, health conditions, interactions with health services, and health behaviours are considered. This review suggests health is detrimentally affected by gender roles and statuses as they intersect with economic disparities, cultural, sexual, physical and historical marginalization as well as the strains of domestic and paid labour. These conditions result in an unfair health burden borne in particular by women whose access to health determinants is--in various degrees--limited. While progress has certainly been made on some fronts, the persistence of health disparities among diverse populations of women and men suggests a postponement of the vision of a just society with health for all that was articulated in the Federal Plan on Gender Equality. Commitment, creativity and collaboration from stakeholders ranging from various levels of government, communities, academics, non-governmental agencies and health professionals will be required to reduce and eliminate health disparities between and among all members of our society.
在我们对加拿大健康差距的探索中,性别因素是如何体现的?本文在联邦政府政策的背景下,审视了性别与其他健康决定因素相互交叉从而导致不同健康结果的方式。文中考虑了一些突出问题的概述,包括性别角色的影响、环境暴露、性别暴力、工作场所危害、经济差距、贫困成本、社会边缘化和种族主义、老龄化、健康状况、与医疗服务的互动以及健康行为等。本综述表明,健康受到性别角色和地位的不利影响,因为它们与经济差距、文化、性、身体和历史边缘化以及家庭和有偿劳动的压力相互交叉。这些情况导致了一种不公平的健康负担,尤其由女性承担,她们在不同程度上获取健康决定因素的机会受到限制。虽然在某些方面确实取得了进展,但不同人群中男女健康差距的持续存在表明,联邦性别平等计划中所阐述的全民享有健康的公正社会愿景被推迟了。需要各级政府、社区、学者、非政府机构和卫生专业人员等利益相关者的承诺、创造力和合作,以减少和消除我们社会所有成员之间的健康差距。