Leung Alexander K C, Sauve Reginald S
Department of Pediatrics, the Alberta Children's Hospital and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
J Natl Med Assoc. 2005 Jul;97(7):1010-9.
Breastfeeding is the optimal method of infant feeding. Breast milk provides almost all the necessary nutrients, growth factors and immunological components a healthy term infant needs, Other advantages of breastfeeding include reduction of incidences and severity of infections; prevention of allergies; possible enhancement of cognitive development; and prevention of obesity, hypertension and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health gains for breastfeeding mothers include lactation amenorrhea, early involution of the uterus, enhanced bonding between the mother and the infant, and reduction in incidence of ovarian and breast cancer. From the economic perspective, breastfeeding is less expensive than formula feeding. In most cases, maternal ingestion of medications and maternal infections are not contraindications to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding, however, is contraindicated in infants with galactosemia. The management of common breastfeeding issues, such as breast engorgement, sore nipples, mastitis and insufficient milk, is discussed. Breastfeeding should be initiated as soon after delivery as possible. To promote, protect and support breastfeeding, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) developed the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Healthcare professionals have an important role to play in promoting and protecting breastfeeding.
母乳喂养是婴儿喂养的最佳方式。母乳几乎提供了健康足月儿所需的所有必要营养、生长因子和免疫成分。母乳喂养的其他益处包括降低感染的发生率和严重程度;预防过敏;可能促进认知发育;以及预防肥胖、高血压和胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。母乳喂养对母亲的健康益处包括哺乳期闭经、子宫早期复旧、增强母婴之间的情感联系,以及降低卵巢癌和乳腺癌的发生率。从经济角度来看,母乳喂养比配方奶喂养成本更低。在大多数情况下,母亲服用药物和感染并非母乳喂养的禁忌证。然而,半乳糖血症患儿禁忌母乳喂养。本文还讨论了常见母乳喂养问题的处理方法,如乳房胀痛、乳头疼痛、乳腺炎和乳汁不足等。分娩后应尽快开始母乳喂养。为了促进、保护和支持母乳喂养,世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)制定了“爱婴医院倡议(BFHI)成功母乳喂养十步骤”。医护人员在促进和保护母乳喂养方面发挥着重要作用。