Wesensten Nancy J, Killgore William D S, Balkin Thomas J
Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
J Sleep Res. 2005 Sep;14(3):255-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00468.x.
Stimulants may provide short-term performance and alertness enhancement during sleep loss. Caffeine 600 mg, d-amphetamine 20 mg, and modafinil 400 mg were compared during 85 h of total sleep deprivation to determine the extent to which the three agents restored performance on simple psychomotor tasks, objective alertness and tasks of executive functions. Forty-eight healthy young adults remained awake for 85 h. Performance and alertness tests were administered bi-hourly from 8:00 hours day 2 to 19:00 hours day 5. At 23:50 hours on day 4 (after 64 h awake), subjects ingested placebo, caffeine 600 mg, dextroamphetamine 20 mg, or modafinil 400 mg (n=12 per group). Performance and alertness testing continued, and probe tasks of executive function were administered intermittently until the recovery sleep period (20:00 hours day 5 to 8:00 hours day 5). Bi-hourly postrecovery sleep testing occurred from 10:00 hours to 16:00 hours day 6. All three agents improved psychomotor vigilance speed and objectively measured alertness relative to placebo. Drugs did not affect recovery sleep, and postrecovery sleep performance for all drug groups was at presleep deprivation levels. Effects on executive function tasks were mixed, with improvement on some tasks with caffeine and modafinil, and apparent decrements with dextroamphetamine on others. At the doses tested, caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil are equally effective for approximately 2-4 h in restoring simple psychomotor performance and objective alertness. The duration of these benefits vary in accordance with the different elimination rates of the drugs. Whether caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil differentially restore executive functions during sleep deprivation remains unclear.
在睡眠缺失期间，兴奋剂可能会在短期内提高工作表现并增强警觉性。在85小时的完全睡眠剥夺期间，对600毫克咖啡因、20毫克右旋苯丙胺和400毫克莫达非尼进行了比较，以确定这三种药物在恢复简单心理运动任务表现、客观警觉性和执行功能任务方面的程度。48名健康的年轻成年人保持清醒85小时。从第2天的8:00至第5天的19:00，每两小时进行一次工作表现和警觉性测试。在第4天的23:50（清醒64小时后），受试者服用安慰剂、600毫克咖啡因、20毫克右旋苯丙胺或400毫克莫达非尼（每组12人）。继续进行工作表现和警觉性测试，并间歇性地进行执行功能探测任务，直到恢复睡眠期（第5天的20:00至第6天的8:00）。在第6天的10:00至16:00进行每两小时一次的恢复睡眠后测试。相对于安慰剂，所有三种药物均改善了心理运动警觉速度并客观测量了警觉性。药物对恢复睡眠没有影响，所有药物组的恢复睡眠后表现均处于睡眠剥夺前水平。对执行功能任务的影响不一，咖啡因和莫达非尼对某些任务有改善作用，而右旋苯丙胺对其他任务则有明显下降。在所测试的剂量下，咖啡因、右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼在恢复简单心理运动表现和客观警觉性方面大约2至4小时内效果相同。这些益处的持续时间因药物的不同消除率而异。咖啡因、右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼在睡眠剥夺期间是否能不同程度地恢复执行功能仍不清楚。
