Zahm Daniel S
Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(2):148-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.003. Epub 2005 Aug 25.
The conceptual basis and continuing development of Alheid and Heimer's [Alheid, G.F., Heimer, L., 1988. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 27, 1-39] theory of basal forebrain organization based on the description of basal forebrain functional-anatomical 'macrosytems' is reviewed. It is posed that the macrosystem theory leads to a hypothesis that different macrosystems cooperate and compete to exert distinct influences on motor and cognitive function. Emergent corollaries include, e.g. that the organization of the outputs of different macrosystems should differ. Consistent with these considerations, extant literature and some unpublished data indicate that the input nuclei of macrosystems are not abundantly interconnected and macrosystems systems have distinct neuroanatomical relationships with basal forebrain and brainstem cholinergic and dopaminergic ascending modulatory systems. Furthermore, macrosystem outputs appear to be directed almost exclusively at the reticular formation or structures intimately associated with it. The relative merits of the theory of functional-anatomical macrosystems are discussed in relation to Swanson's model of cerebral hemisphere control of motivated behavior.
本文回顾了阿尔海德（Alheid）和海默（Heimer）[阿尔海德，G.F.，海默，L.，1988年。基底前脑组织的新视角及其与神经精神疾病的特殊相关性：无名质的纹状体苍白球、杏仁核和向皮质投射成分。《神经科学》27卷，第1 - 39页]基于基底前脑功能 - 解剖“宏观系统”描述的基底前脑组织理论的概念基础及其持续发展。有人提出，宏观系统理论引出了一个假设：不同的宏观系统相互协作和竞争，对运动和认知功能产生不同影响。由此产生的推论包括，例如不同宏观系统的输出组织应该不同。与这些考虑一致，现有文献和一些未发表的数据表明，宏观系统的输入核团之间的相互连接并不丰富，并且宏观系统与基底前脑以及脑干胆碱能和多巴胺能上行调节系统具有不同的神经解剖学关系。此外，宏观系统的输出似乎几乎完全指向网状结构或与之密切相关的结构。文中还结合斯旺森（Swanson）关于大脑半球对动机行为控制的模型，讨论了功能 - 解剖宏观系统理论的相对优点。
