Lobbezoo Frank, van Selms Maurits K A, John Mike T, Huggins Kimberly, Ohrbach Richard, Visscher Corine M, van der Zaag Jacques, van der Meulen Marylee J, Naeije Machiel, Dworkin Samuel F
Department of Oral Function, Academic Centre for Dentistry, Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Orofac Pain. 2005 Fall;19(4):301-8.
To outline the steps taken to conduct and to culturally adapt Dutch translations of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) history questionnaire, clinical examination form, and verbal instructions to the patients, and to assess the reliability of the clinical examination.
For the linguistic translation from English into Dutch, the forward and back-translation approach was followed. For cultural adaptation, an expert panel reviewed the translation, and a pretest was performed on a small clinical sample. Examiner training and calibration were carried out, and the clinical reliability of a "gold standard examiner" and 3 clinicians was assessed on 18 symptomatic TMD patients and 6 asymptomatic controls. The order of the examinations was based on a quasi-random Latin square design. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess the overall interexaminer reliability of the clinical examination.
A linguistically valid and culturally equivalent translation of the RDC/TMD into Dutch resulted from the above-outlined procedure. As for the clinical reliability, the ICC values obtained could mostly be considered "excellent" or, less frequently, as "fair to good." Poor reliability was found only for some of the palpation tests. For uncommon diagnoses (disc displacement without reduction and without limited mouth opening; osteoarthritis), no reliable ICC value could be calculated.
The mode described by the authors for preparing clinical sites for RDC/TMD-based research is a feasible one.
概述对颞下颌关节紊乱病研究诊断标准（RDC/TMD）病史问卷、临床检查表及给患者的口头指导进行荷兰语翻译并进行文化调适所采取的步骤，并评估临床检查的可靠性。
从英语到荷兰语的语言翻译采用了正向和反向翻译法。对于文化调适，由一个专家小组对翻译进行审查，并在一个小的临床样本上进行预测试。进行了检查者培训和校准，并对18例有症状的颞下颌关节紊乱病患者和6例无症状对照者评估了一名“金标准检查者”和3名临床医生的临床可靠性。检查顺序基于准随机拉丁方设计。计算组内相关系数（ICC）以评估临床检查的总体检查者间可靠性。
通过上述程序得到了RDC/TMD在语言上有效且在文化上等效的荷兰语翻译。至于临床可靠性，所获得的ICC值大多可被认为是“优秀”，较少情况下为“中等至良好”。仅在一些触诊测试中发现可靠性较差。对于不常见的诊断（不可复性盘移位且无张口受限；骨关节炎），无法计算可靠的ICC值。
作者描述的为基于RDC/TMD的研究准备临床场所的模式是可行的。
