Stapleton H M, Dodder N G, Kucklick J R, Reddy C M, Schantz M M, Becker P R, Gulland F, Porter B J, Wise S A
Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2006 May;52(5):522-31. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045. Epub 2005 Nov 15.
Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from < 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from < 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p < 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.
对1993年至2003年间搁浅的雄性加州海狮（Zalphophus californianus）的脂肪样本进行了分析，检测其中27种多溴二苯醚（PBDE）同系物、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）的三种异构体以及14种甲氧基化多溴二苯醚（MeO - BDE）同系物。总PBDEs含量在湿质量450纳克/克至4740纳克/克之间，总HBCD含量在湿质量<0.3纳克/克至12纳克/克之间。1993年至2003年间，海狮脂肪中HBCD的浓度从0.7纳克/克增加到12.0纳克/克湿质量。然而，在这10年期间，其他任何溴化化合物均未观察到显著的时间趋势。在脂肪样本中仅检测到14种MeO - BDE同系物中的一种，即6 - 甲氧基 - 2,2',4,4'-四溴二苯醚（6 - MeO - BDE 47），其浓度在湿质量<0.2纳克/克至12纳克/克之间。一种溴代、氯代杂环化合物，1,1'-二甲基 - 四溴 - 二氯 - 2,2'-联吡咯（DBP - Br4Cl2），此前在太平洋沿岸的海洋物种中已有报道，在海狮脂肪中也被鉴定出来。DBP - Br4Cl2含量在湿质量44纳克/克至660纳克/克之间，其浓度与主要的PBDE同系物BDE 47（2,2',4,4'-四溴二苯醚）相当。DBP - Br4Cl2的浓度与6 - MeO - BDE 47呈正相关（r = 0.7；p < 0.05）。这两种化合物在海藻和海绵中均有发现，研究表明它们均来自天然来源。该研究表明，来自人为和生物源的溴化化合物在海洋哺乳动物体内均可积累到相似水平。此外，加州海狮种群中HBCD的浓度似乎在上升，而1993年至2003年间PBDE的浓度变化很大。
